====== 1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise ======
===== Short description =====
^ Category Code ^ Method ||||^ AD ||||^ EF |||||
| 1.A.3.a i (ii) | T1, T2, T3 ||||| NS, M ||||| CS, D, M |||||
^ Key Category ^ SO₂ ^ NOₓ ^ NH₃ ^ NMVOC ^ CO ^ BC ^ Pb ^ Hg ^ Cd ^ Diox ^ PAH ^ HCB ^ TSP ^ PM₁₀ ^ PM₂ ₅ ^
| 1.A.3.a i (ii) | //not included in key category analysis// |||||||||||||||
In NFR category //1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise// emissions from international flights from German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported.
In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.
===== Methodology =====
==== Actitvity Data ====
Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.
__Table 1: annual jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2006** | **2007** | **2008** | **2009** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **219** |
^ Jet kerosene | 149.007 | 189.185 | 240.680 | 285.709 | 301.032 | 312.607 | 316.629 | 307.916 | 304.544 | 292.898 | 314.325 | 319.548 | 308.755 | 307.982 | 331.809 | 363.932 | 374.434 | 371.552 |
^ Avgas | 464 | 161 | 173 | 91,6 | 87,2 | 76,8 | 82,5 | 75,8 | 76,8 | 68,1 | 60,4 | 48,6 | 40,0 | 58,5 | 16,2 | 16,2 | 12,1 | 6,55 |
source: Knörr et al. (2020c) [(KNOERR2020)] and Gores (2020) [(GORES2020)]
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai(ii)_ad.png?700 }}
==== Emission factors ====
All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 [(KNOERR2010)] and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2020)].
For more information, please see the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.
__Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2006** | **2007** | **2008** | **2009** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** |
| **JET KEROSENE** |||||||||||||||||||
^ **NH3** | 3,98 | 3,95 | 3,95 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 | 3,97 |
^ **NMVOC** | 13,3 | 8,96 | 5,98 | 5,27 | 5,15 | 5,02 | 4,89 | 4,77 | 4,66 | 4,53 | 4,39 | 4,39 | 4,71 | 4,35 | 4,17 | 4,23 | 4,32 | 4,25 |
^ **NOx** | 313 | 317 | 329 | 338 | 338 | 342 | 343 | 346 | 352 | 354 | 360 | 362 | 362 | 366 | 370 | 372 | 373 | 375 |
^ **SOx** | 19,7 | 19,5 | 19,5 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 |
^ **PM1** | 1,89 | 1,96 | 2,03 | 1,93 | 1,91 | 1,89 | 1,85 | 1,83 | 1,81 | 1,80 | 1,79 | 1,77 | 1,74 | 1,73 | 1,73 | 1,74 | 1,75 | 1,75 |
^ **BC2** | 3,94 | 4,08 | 4,23 | 4,02 | 3,98 | 3,93 | 3,86 | 3,81 | 3,77 | 3,74 | 3,72 | 3,69 | 3,62 | 3,59 | 3,61 | 3,62 | 3,64 | 3,65 |
^ **CO** | 73,8 | 61,6 | 47,7 | 42,4 | 41,5 | 40,6 | 39,7 | 38,6 | 37,8 | 37,3 | 37,0 | 36,8 | 40,1 | 36,2 | 34,2 | 34,2 | 34,7 | 34,6 |
| **AVGAS** |||||||||||||||||||
^ **NH3** | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
^ **NMVOC** | 468 | 498 | 477 | 462 | 452 | 451 | 461 | 470 | 460 | 523 | 519 | 518 | 506 | 515 | 430 | 437 | 449 | 467 |
^ **NOx** | 103 | 109 | 103 | 100 | 98 | 97 | 99 | 100 | 97 | 111 | 109 | 110 | 104 | 108 | 68,7 | 69,8 | 73,7 | 82,2 |
^ **SOx** | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 |
^ BC | 0,40 | 0,42 | 0,41 | 0,40 | 0,40 | 0,40 | 0,41 | 0,41 | 0,41 | 0,44 | 0,44 | 0,44 | 0,45 | 0,44 | 0,47 | 0,47 | 0,47 | 0,46 |
^ PM2.5 | 2,69 | 2,80 | 2,74 | 2,68 | 2,65 | 2,67 | 2,70 | 2,76 | 2,74 | 2,96 | 2,96 | 2,93 | 2,97 | 2,95 | 3,11 | 3,14 | 3,13 | 3,08 |
^ PM10 | 2,69 | 2,80 | 2,74 | 2,68 | 2,65 | 2,67 | 2,70 | 2,76 | 2,74 | 2,96 | 2,96 | 2,93 | 2,97 | 2,95 | 3,11 | 3,14 | 3,13 | 3,08 |
^ TSP | 17,9 | 18,0 | 17,9 | 17,9 | 17,8 | 17,8 | 17,9 | 17,9 | 17,9 | 18,1 | 18,1 | 18,1 | 18,1 | 18,1 | 18,3 | 18,3 | 18,3 | 18,2 |
^ CO | 20.915 | 22.610 | 21.827 | 21.055 | 20.659 | 21.024 | 21.402 | 22.335 | 22.225 | 25.229 | 25.303 | 24.882 | 25.753 | 25.200 | 29.832 | 30.337 | 30.216 | 29.108 |
1 EF(TSP) also applied for PM10 and PM2.5 (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5) \\
2 estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: "Conclusion".
For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.
For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.
===== Trend discussion for Key Sources =====
> NFR 1.A.3.a i (ii) - International Civil Aviation - Cruise is **not included in the national emission totals** and hence **not included in the key category analysis**.
===== Recalculations =====
**Activity data** have been revised for all years within TREMOD AV to keep in line with information available from Eurocontrol's AEM model [(EUROCONTROL2020)].
Furthermore, for the first time, the use of aviation gasoline (avgas) for international flights has been estimated. These amounts have been re-allocated from NFR 1.A.3.a ii (i), where 100% of avgas consumption has been allocated so far.
__Table 3: Revised kerosene usage in 1.A.3.a i (ii), in terajoules__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2006** | **2007** | **2008** | **2009** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** |
| **JET KEROSENE** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 149.007 | 189.185 | 240.680 | 285.709 | 301.032 | 312.607 | 316.629 | 307.916 | 304.544 | 292.898 | 314.325 | 319.548 | 308.755 | 307.982 | 331.809 | 363.932 | 374.434 |
^ Submission 2020 | 150.852 | 187.855 | 243.544 | 288.819 | 304.276 | 315.598 | 319.033 | 310.713 | 305.632 | 291.248 | 314.638 | 320.599 | 307.487 | 306.766 | 331.644 | 365.499 | 376.210 |
^ absolute change | -1.845 | 1.330 | -2.863 | -3.110 | -3.244 | -2.991 | -2.405 | -2.797 | -1.088 | 1.650 | -313 | -1.051 | 1.268 | 1.216 | 165 | -1.567 | -1.776 |
^ relative change | -1,22% | 0,71% | -1,18% | -1,08% | -1,07% | -0,95% | -0,75% | -0,90% | -0,36% | 0,57% | -0,10% | -0,33% | 0,41% | 0,40% | 0,05% | -0,43% | -0,47% |
| **AVGAS** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 464 | 161 | 173 | 91,6 | 87,2 | 76,8 | 82,5 | 75,8 | 76,8 | 68,1 | 60,4 | 48,6 | 40,0 | 58,5 | 16,2 | 16,2 | 12,1 |
^ Submission 2020 | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE | IE |
^ absolute change | 464 | 161 | 173 | 91,6 | 87,2 | 76,8 | 82,5 | 75,8 | 76,8 | 68,1 | 60,4 | 48,6 | 40,0 | 58,5 | 16,2 | 16,2 | 12,1 |
In parallel, the majority of **country-specific emission factors** has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model [(EUROCONTROL2020)].
__Table 4: Revised country-specific emission-factors, in [kg/TJ]__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2006** | **2007** | **2008** | **2009** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** |
| **NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPUNDS - NMVOC** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 13,3 | 8,96 | 5,98 | 5,27 | 5,15 | 5,02 | 4,89 | 4,77 | 4,66 | 4,53 | 4,39 | 4,39 | 4,71 | 4,35 | 4,17 | 4,23 | 4,32 |
^ Submission 2020 | 13,4 | 9,47 | 5,93 | 5,44 | 5,35 | 5,20 | 5,07 | 4,95 | 4,91 | 4,81 | 4,70 | 4,70 | 4,64 | 4,65 | 4,46 | 4,52 | 4,64 |
^ absolute change | -0,12 | -0,51 | 0,05 | -0,17 | -0,19 | -0,18 | -0,19 | -0,19 | -0,25 | -0,28 | -0,30 | -0,31 | 0,07 | -0,30 | -0,29 | -0,30 | -0,32 |
^ relative change | -0,90% | -5,42% | 0,92% | -3,05% | -3,60% | -3,43% | -3,65% | -3,80% | -5,08% | -5,78% | -6,43% | -6,59% | 1,43% | -6,55% | -6,42% | -6,57% | -6,83% |
| **NITROGEN OXIDES** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 313 | 317 | 329 | 338 | 338 | 342 | 343 | 346 | 352 | 354 | 360 | 362 | 362 | 366 | 370 | 372 | 373 |
^ Submission 2020 | 308 | 313 | 319 | 330 | 331 | 334 | 335 | 339 | 346 | 349 | 354 | 354 | 354 | 354 | 359 | 361 | 362 |
^ absolute change | 5,51 | 3,34 | 9,39 | 7,62 | 7,09 | 7,33 | 7,18 | 7,04 | 6,05 | 5,47 | 5,95 | 7,84 | 7,38 | 11,17 | 10,99 | 11,04 | 11,01 |
^ relative change | 1,79% | 1,07% | 2,94% | 2,31% | 2,14% | 2,19% | 2,14% | 2,08% | 1,75% | 1,57% | 1,68% | 2,22% | 2,08% | 3,15% | 3,06% | 3,06% | 3,04% |
| **SULPHUR OXIDES** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 19,7 | 19,5 | 19,5 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 |
^ Submission 2020 | 19,7 | 19,5 | 19,5 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 | 19,6 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
^ relative change | 0,0% | 0,0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| **BLACK CARBON - BC** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 1,89 | 1,96 | 2,03 | 1,93 | 1,91 | 1,89 | 1,85 | 1,83 | 1,81 | 1,80 | 1,79 | 1,77 | 1,74 | 1,73 | 1,73 | 1,74 | 1,75 |
^ Submission 2020 | 1,91 | 2,01 | 2,08 | 1,97 | 1,95 | 1,93 | 1,90 | 1,88 | 1,86 | 1,84 | 1,83 | 1,82 | 1,78 | 1,79 | 1,79 | 1,80 | 1,80 |
^ absolute change | -0,02 | -0,06 | -0,05 | -0,04 | -0,04 | -0,04 | -0,04 | -0,05 | -0,05 | -0,05 | -0,04 | -0,05 | -0,05 | -0,06 | -0,06 | -0,06 | -0,06 |
^ relative change | -1,2% | -2,8% | -2,4% | -2,1% | -2,2% | -2,3% | -2,3% | -2,4% | -2,6% | -2,5% | -2,3% | -2,5% | -2,7% | -3,5% | -3,3% | -3,4% | -3,1% |
| **PARTICULATE MATTER - PM** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 3,94 | 4,08 | 4,23 | 4,02 | 3,98 | 3,93 | 3,86 | 3,81 | 3,77 | 3,74 | 3,72 | 3,69 | 3,62 | 3,59 | 3,61 | 3,62 | 3,64 |
^ Submission 2020 | 3,98 | 4,19 | 4,33 | 4,11 | 4,07 | 4,02 | 3,95 | 3,91 | 3,87 | 3,84 | 3,81 | 3,78 | 3,72 | 3,72 | 3,74 | 3,74 | 3,76 |
^ absolute change | -0,05 | -0,12 | -0,10 | -0,09 | -0,09 | -0,09 | -0,09 | -0,09 | -0,10 | -0,10 | -0,09 | -0,10 | -0,10 | -0,13 | -0,12 | -0,13 | -0,12 |
^ relative change | -1,2% | -2,8% | -2,4% | -2,1% | -2,2% | -2,3% | -2,3% | -2,4% | -2,6% | -2,5% | -2,3% | -2,5% | -2,7% | -3,5% | -3,3% | -3,4% | -3,1% |
| **CARBON MONOXIDE - CO** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 73,8 | 61,6 | 47,7 | 42,4 | 41,5 | 40,6 | 39,7 | 38,6 | 37,8 | 37,3 | 37,0 | 36,8 | 40,1 | 36,2 | 34,2 | 34,2 | 34,7 |
^ Submission 2020 | 71,0 | 60,3 | 44,9 | 40,0 | 39,2 | 38,3 | 37,4 | 36,4 | 35,9 | 35,6 | 35,5 | 35,6 | 35,3 | 35,5 | 33,5 | 33,6 | 34,0 |
^ absolute change | 2,77 | 1,30 | 2,84 | 2,39 | 2,22 | 2,30 | 2,24 | 2,21 | 1,90 | 1,73 | 1,45 | 1,17 | 4,76 | 0,73 | 0,67 | 0,57 | 0,65 |
^ relative change | 3,90% | 2,16% | 6,32% | 5,99% | 5,66% | 6,01% | 5,98% | 6,07% | 5,29% | 4,87% | 4,07% | 3,29% | 13,48% | 2,07% | 1,99% | 1,68% | 1,90% |
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
===== Uncertainties =====
For uncertainties information, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.
===== Planned improvements =====
For information on planned improvements, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.
[(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)]
[(KNOERR2020c> Knörr et al. (2020c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) 2018 - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2020.)]
[(GORES2020> Gores (2020): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2018, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2020.)]
[(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
[(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)]