====== 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation ======
===== Short description =====
Under category //1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation// emissions from national navigation (both inland and maritime) are reported.
^ Category Code ^ Method ||||^ AD ||||^ EF |||||
| 1.A.3.d ii | T1, T2, T3 ||||| NS, M ||||| CS, D, M |||||
^ Key Category ^ SO2 ^ NOx ^ NH3 ^ NMVOC ^ CO ^ BC ^ Pb ^ Hg ^ Cd ^ Diox ^ PAH ^ HCB ^ TSP ^ PM10 ^ PM2.5 ^
| 1.A.3.d ii | -/- | L/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | L/T | L/T |
{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
===== Methodology =====
==== Activity data ====
As described for the over-all sector 1.A.3.d and all other navigational activities in the superordinate chapter, specific fuel consumption data for NFR 1.A.3.d ii is included in the primary fuel deliveries data provided in NEB lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') [(AGEB2020)].
Here, the annual fuel consumption for domestic //maritime// navigation are modelled within [(DEICHNIK2020)] based on AIS data and deduced from NEB lines 6 and 64 respectively, depending on whether or not a certain ship is registered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Here, fuels consumed by large, IMO-registered and sea-going ships and vessels are included in NEB line 6 whereas fuels consumed by smaller ships without IMO-registration are included in NEB line 64. After these deductions, the amounts of fuels remaining in NEB 64 are allocated to domestic //inland// navigation.
__Table 1: Annual over-all fuel consumption for domestic navigation, in terajoule__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** |
^ Diesel Oil | 36,604 | 29,855 | 18,648 | 18,596 | 16,183 | 16,954 | 16,601 | 16,824 | 18,532 | 22,781 | 24,167 | 22,400 | 23,847 | 21,556 |
^ Heavy fuel oil | 11,723 | 8,041 | 8,577 | 7,172 | 6,114 | 5,961 | 6,410 | 6,376 | 6,046 | 50,0 | 7,05 | 7,01 | 190 | 358 |
| **Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii** ^ 48,326 ^ 37,896 ^ 27,224 ^ 25,768 ^ 22,297 ^ 22,916 ^ 23,011 ^ 23,200 ^ 24,578 ^ 22,831 ^ 24,174 ^ 22,407 ^ 24,037 ^ 21,914 ^
__Table 2: Specific fuel consumption data for domestic maritime and inland navigation, in terajoule__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** |
| **NATIONAL MARITIME NAVIGATION** |||||||||||||||
^ Diesel Oil | 15940 | 11258 | 11860 | 9962 | 8685 | 8489 | 9046 | 9047 | 9965 | 13359 | 16295 | 15221 | 16336 | 13961 |
^ Heavy fuel oil | 11723 | 8041 | 8577 | 7172 | 6114 | 5961 | 6410 | 6376 | 6046 | 50,0 | 7,05 | 7,01 | 190 | 358 |
| **NATIONAL INLAND NAVIGATION** |||||||||||||||
^ Diesel Oil | 20.664 | 18.597 | 6.788 | 8.634 | 7.497 | 8.466 | 7.556 | 7.777 | 8.567 | 9.422 | 7.873 | 7.179 | 7.511 | 7.595 |
| **Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii** ^ 48.326 ^ 37.896 ^ 27.224 ^ 25.768 ^ 22.297 ^ 22.916 ^ 23.011 ^ 23.200 ^ 24.578 ^ 22.831 ^ 24.174 ^ 22.407 ^ 24.037 ^ 21.914 ^
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:navigation:1a3dii_ad.png?700 }}
==== Emission factors====
The emission factors applied for **national maritime navigation** are derived from different sources and therefore are of very different quality.
For the main pollutants, country-specific implied values are used, that are based on tier3 EF included in the BSH model [(DEICHNIK2020)] which mainly relate on values from the EMEP/EEA guidebook 2019 [(EMEPEEA2019)]. These modelled IEFs take into account the ship specific information derived from AIS data as well as the mix of fuel-qualities applied depending on the type of ship and the current state of activity.
Here, for **sulphur dioxide** and **particulate matter**, annual values are available representing the impact of fuel sulphur legislation.
In addition, regarding 2, the increasing operation of so-called scrubbers in order to fullfil emission limits especially within SECA areas is reflected for heavy fuel oil.
__Table 3: Country-specific emission factors applied for fuels used in domestic maritime navigation, in [kg/TJ]__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** |
| **DIESEL OIL** |||||||||||||||
^ NH3 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,33 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,32 |
^ NMVOC | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,7 | 48,4 | 48,0 | 44,8 | 44,7 | 45,0 | 45,2 | 45,2 |
^ NOx | 1.070 | 1.070 | 1.070 | 1.070 | 1.069 | 1.069 | 1.069 | 1.073 | 1.077 | 1.151 | 1.132 | 1.157 | 1.128 | 1.128 |
^ SO2 | 465,5 | 419,0 | 232,8 | 186,2 | 69,8 | 65,18 | 54,53 | 52,56 | 50,48 | 40,74 | 40,61 | 40,74 | 40,76 | 40,76 |
^ BC1 | 109,2 | 98,6 | 54,7 | 43,8 | 16,4 | 15,4 | 15,3 | 15,2 | 15,2 | 16,3 | 16,9 | 16,9 | 16,5 | 16,5 |
^ PM2.5 | 352,4 | 318,0 | 176,5 | 141,2 | 53,0 | 49,6 | 49,5 | 49,1 | 49,1 | 52,7 | 54,5 | 54,5 | 53,1 | 53,1 |
^ PM10 | 377,1 | 340,3 | 188,9 | 151,0 | 56,7 | 53,0 | 53,0 | 52,5 | 52,6 | 56,4 | 58,3 | 58,3 | 56,9 | 56,9 |
^ TSP2 | 377,1 | 340,3 | 188,9 | 151,0 | 56,7 | 53,0 | 53,0 | 52,5 | 52,6 | 56,4 | 58,3 | 58,3 | 56,9 | 56,9 |
^ CO | 127 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 128 | 127 | 128 | 134 | 139 | 138 | 136 | 136 |
| **HEAVY FUEL OIL** |||||||||||||||
^ NH3 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,34 | 0,35 | 0,33 | 0,33 | 0,34 | 0,35 | 0,35 |
^ NMVOC | 36,6 | 36,6 | 36,6 | 36,6 | 36,6 | 36,6 | 36,6 | 37,6 | 37,8 | 30,0 | 36,8 | 30,4 | 28,3 | 28,3 |
^ NOx | 1.379 | 1.378 | 1.378 | 1.378 | 1.378 | 1.377 | 1.379 | 1.382 | 1.393 | 1.348 | 1.245 | 1.360 | 1.503 | 1.503 |
^ SOx | 1.319 | 1.332 | 1.323 | 1.336 | 496 | 496 | 496 | 496 | 506 | 47,5 | 49,3 | 46,4 | 49,8 | 49,8 |
^ BC1 | 57,4 | 58,0 | 57,6 | 58,2 | 21,6 | 21,6 | 21,6 | 22,1 | 22,4 | 18,1 | 24,7 | 18,3 | 14,7 | 14,7 |
^ PM2.5 | 479 | 483 | 480 | 485 | 180 | 180 | 180 | 184 | 187 | 151 | 205 | 153 | 123 | 123 |
^ PM10 | 526 | 532 | 528 | 533 | 198 | 198 | 198 | 203 | 206 | 166 | 226 | 168 | 135 | 135 |
^ TSP2 | 526 | 532 | 528 | 533 | 198 | 198 | 198 | 203 | 206 | 166 | 226 | 168 | 135 | 135 |
^ CO | 162 | 162 | 162 | 162 | 162 | 162 | 162 | 162 | 167 | 165 | 198 | 167 | 134 | 134 |
1 estimated from f-BCs as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)]: f-BC (HFO) = 0.12, f-BC (MDO/MGO) = 0.31 as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Tables 3-1 & 3-2 \\
2 ratio of PM2.5 : PM10 : TSP derived from the tier1 default EF as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Tables 3-1 & 3-2
For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.
For main pollutants and particulate matter from **national inland navigation**, modelled emission factors are available from TREMOD (Knörr et al. (2020a)) [(KNOERR2020a)].
Here, for //SO2,// and //PM//, annual values reflect the impact of fuel-sulphur legislation.
__Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels used in domestic inland navigation, in [kg/TJ]__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** |
^ NH3 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 | 0,23 |
^ NMVOC | 96,4 | 87,9 | 77,7 | 73,4 | 69,3 | 68,2 | 66,9 | 65,9 | 64,6 | 63,4 | 62,2 | 61,0 | 59,8 | 59,8 |
^ NOx | 1.327 | 1.331 | 1.336 | 1.294 | 1.245 | 1.236 | 1.224 | 1.213 | 1.198 | 1.184 | 1.170 | 1.155 | 1.141 | 1.141 |
^ SOx | 86,4 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 0,38 | 0,38 | 0,38 |
^ BC1 | 17,5 | 16,0 | 14,1 | 12,2 | 10,07 | 9,86 | 9,61 | 9,44 | 9,23 | 9,04 | 8,87 | 8,69 | 8,53 | 8,53 |
^ PM2 | 56,5 | 51,7 | 45,6 | 39,3 | 32,5 | 31,8 | 31,0 | 30,5 | 29,8 | 29,2 | 28,6 | 28,0 | 27,5 | 27,5 |
^ CO | 417 | 387 | 337 | 307 | 277 | 272 | 266 | 261 | 256 | 251 | 246 | 241 | 236 | 236 |
1 calculated from f-BC as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii, Table 3-2: f-BC (MDO/MGO) = 0.31 \\
2 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM2.5)
With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. (( During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions. ))
For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.
===== Discussion of emission trends =====
__Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__
| for: ^ PM10 ^ PM2.5 ^
| by: | L/T | L/T |
For **ammonia**, **NMVOC**, and **nitrogen oxides** as well as **carbon monoxide**, emission trends more or less represent the trend in over-all fuel consumption.
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:navigation:1a3dii_em_nox.png?700 }}
Nonetheless, for these pollutants, annual emission factors from BSH [(DEICHNIK2020)] and TREMOD [(KNOERR2020a)] have been applied for national //maritime// and //inland// navigation, respectively, reflecting the technical development of the German inland navigation fleet.
Here, the trends in **sulphur dioxide** and **particulate matter** emissions reflect the impact of ongoing fuel-sulphur legislation especially in maritime navigation.
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:navigation:1a3dii_em_so2.png?700 }}
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:navigation:1a3dii_em_pm.png?700 }}
===== Recalculations =====
Major changes in **activity data** result from the revision of the National Energy Balance 2018.
Furthermore, as no biodiesel is blended to marine diesel oil for technical reasons, no more biodiesel is reported for nautical activities. This correction results in additional recalculations for all years as of 2004.
__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data for national maritime navigation, in terajoules__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** |
| **diesel oil** ||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 15940 | 11258 | 11860 | 9962 | 8685 | 8489 | 9046 | 9047 | 9965 | 13359 | 16295 | 15221 | 16336 |
^ Submission 2020 | 15940 | 11258 | 11860 | 9962 | 8685 | 8489 | 9046 | 9047 | 9965 | 13359 | 16295 | 15221 | 15856 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 480 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 3,03% |
| **Biodiesel** ||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
^ Submission 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79,2 | 205 | 202 | 215 | 192 | 210 | 167 | 146 | 134 | 135 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | -79,2 | -205 | -202 | -215 | -192 | -210 | -167 | -146 | -134 | -135 |
^ relative change | | | | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% | -100% |
| **Heavy Fuel Oil** ||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 11723 | 8041 | 8577 | 7172 | 6114 | 5961 | 6410 | 6376 | 6046 | 50,0 | 7,05 | 7,01 | 190 |
^ Submission 2020 | 11723 | 8041 | 8577 | 7172 | 6114 | 5961 | 6410 | 6376 | 6046 | 50,0 | 7,05 | 7,01 | 283 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | -92,4 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | -32,7% |
| **over-all fuel consumption** ||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 27662 | 19299 | 20436 | 17134 | 14799 | 14450 | 15455 | 15423 | 16011 | 13409 | 16302 | 15228 | 16527 |
^ Submission 2020 | 27662 | 19299 | 20436 | 17214 | 15004 | 14652 | 15670 | 15615 | 16220 | 13576 | 16448 | 15363 | 16274 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | -79,2 | -205 | -202 | -215 | -192 | -210 | -167 | -146 | -134 | 253 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | -0,46% | -1,37% | -1,38% | -1,37% | -1,23% | -1,29% | -1,23% | -0,89% | -0,87% | 1,55% |
Furthermore, the country-specific **emission factors** applied for diesel fuels used in **domestic inland navigation** have been revised within TREMOD [(KNOERR2020a)]:
__Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels used in domestic inland navigation, in [kg/TJ]__
| | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2006** | **2007** | **2008** | **2009** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** |
| **NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPUNDS - NMVOC** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 96,4 | 87,9 | 77,7 | 73,4 | 72,5 | 71,6 | 70,7 | 69,8 | 69,3 | 68,2 | 66,9 | 65,9 | 64,6 | 63,4 | 62,2 | 61,0 | 59,8 |
^ Submission 2020 | 96,4 | 87,9 | 77,7 | 66,7 | 64,9 | 62,8 | 60,3 | 58,8 | 58,0 | 56,9 | 55,7 | 54,7 | 53,6 | 52,6 | 51,6 | 50,6 | 49,7 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 6,62 | 7,56 | 8,82 | 10,32 | 10,97 | 11,30 | 11,30 | 11,23 | 11,12 | 10,93 | 10,76 | 10,54 | 10,34 | 10,14 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 9,91% | 11,64% | 14,1% | 17,1% | 18,7% | 19,5% | 19,9% | 20,2% | 20,3% | 20,4% | 20,5% | 20,4% | 20,4% | 20,4% |
| **NITROGEN OXIDES** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 1.327 | 1.331 | 1.336 | 1.294 | 1.285 | 1.275 | 1.265 | 1.254 | 1.245 | 1.236 | 1.224 | 1.213 | 1.198 | 1.184 | 1.170 | 1.155 | 1.141 |
^ Submission 2020 | 1.327 | 1.331 | 1.336 | 1.303 | 1.290 | 1.269 | 1.243 | 1.227 | 1.208 | 1.198 | 1.183 | 1.171 | 1.153 | 1.136 | 1.119 | 1.102 | 1.085 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | -8,97 | -5,63 | 5,48 | 22,2 | 27,4 | 37,1 | 38,7 | 40,9 | 42,8 | 45,4 | 47,9 | 50,6 | 53,3 | 56,1 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | -0,69% | -0,44% | 0,43% | 1,79% | 2,23% | 3,07% | 3,23% | 3,46% | 3,66% | 3,94% | 4,22% | 4,52% | 4,84% | 5,17% |
| **SULPHUR OXIDES** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 86,4 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 0,38 | 0,38 |
^ Submission 2020 | 86,4 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 60,5 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,37 | 0,36 | 0,38 | 0,37 | 0,37 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,02 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,01 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,03% | 0,18% | -0,05% | 0,07% | 0,35% | 3,21% | -0,20% | 0,73% | 0,73% |
| **BLACK CARBON - BC** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 17,5 | 16,0 | 14,1 | 12,2 | 11,8 | 11,3 | 10,9 | 10,4 | 10,1 | 9,86 | 9,61 | 9,44 | 9,23 | 9,04 | 8,87 | 8,69 | 8,53 |
^ Submission 2020 | 17,5 | 16,0 | 14,1 | 11,6 | 11,1 | 10,7 | 10,2 | 9,86 | 9,63 | 9,43 | 9,17 | 8,99 | 8,78 | 8,59 | 8,42 | 8,24 | 8,07 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,54 | 0,62 | 0,64 | 0,70 | 0,56 | 0,43 | 0,44 | 0,44 | 0,45 | 0,45 | 0,45 | 0,45 | 0,45 | 0,45 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 4,66% | 5,60% | 5,96% | 6,83% | 5,66% | 4,48% | 4,65% | 4,82% | 4,95% | 5,09% | 5,23% | 5,35% | 5,48% | 5,61% |
| **PARTICULATE MATTER - PM** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 56,5 | 51,7 | 45,6 | 39,3 | 37,9 | 36,5 | 35,1 | 33,6 | 32,5 | 31,8 | 31,0 | 30,5 | 29,8 | 29,2 | 28,6 | 28,0 | 27,5 |
^ Submission 2020 | 56,5 | 51,7 | 45,6 | 37,5 | 35,9 | 34,5 | 32,8 | 31,8 | 31,1 | 30,4 | 29,6 | 29,0 | 28,3 | 27,7 | 27,1 | 26,6 | 26,0 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 1,75 | 2,01 | 2,06 | 2,24 | 1,80 | 1,39 | 1,41 | 1,43 | 1,44 | 1,44 | 1,45 | 1,45 | 1,46 | 1,46 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 4,66% | 5,60% | 5,96% | 6,83% | 5,66% | 4,48% | 4,65% | 4,82% | 4,95% | 5,09% | 5,23% | 5,35% | 5,48% | 5,61% |
| **CARBON MONOXIDE - CO** ||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2021 | 417 | 387 | 337 | 307 | 301 | 294 | 288 | 281 | 277 | 272 | 266 | 261 | 256 | 251 | 246 | 241 | 236 |
^ Submission 2020 | 417 | 387 | 337 | 274 | 262 | 250 | 237 | 229 | 223 | 217 | 211 | 206 | 200 | 195 | 190 | 185 | 180 |
^ absolute change | 0,00 | 0,00 | 0,00 | 32,9 | 38,6 | 43,9 | 50,6 | 52,2 | 54,1 | 54,7 | 55,1 | 55,6 | 55,7 | 55,9 | 55,9 | 56,0 | 55,9 |
^ relative change | 0,00% | 0,00% | 0,00% | 12,0% | 14,7% | 17,5% | 21,3% | 22,9% | 24,3% | 25,2% | 26,2% | 27,0% | 27,9% | 28,7% | 29,5% | 30,3% | 31,1% |
In contrast, the country-specific **emission factors** applied for fuels used in **national maritime navigation** remain unaltered.
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
===== Uncertainties =====
Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: "Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland" by Knörr et al. (2009) [((bibcite 7))].
===== Planned improvements =====
Besides the **routine revisions of the models** used for maritime and inland navigation, no specific improvements are scheduled.
[(AGEB2020> AGEB, 2020: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, (Aufruf: 29.11.2020), Köln & Berlin, 2020)]
[(BAFA2020> BAFA, 2020: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2018_dezember.html, Eschborn, 2020.)]
[(MWV2020> MWV (2020): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2018'; URL: https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2020.)]
[(KNOERR2020a> Knörr et al. (2020a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2020.)]
[(DEICHNIK2020> Deichnik (2020): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs. from Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH - Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency); Hamburg, 2020.)]
[(EMEPEEA2019>EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.)]
[(RENTZ2008>Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )]
[(KNOERR2009>Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]