====== 1.A.3.b vi - Road Transport: Automobile Tyre and Brake Wear ======
===== Short description=====
In sub-categories //1.A.3.b vi - Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear// emissions from automobile tyre and brake wear in RT are reported. Therefore, these sub-category is an important source for a) particle emissions and b) emissions of heavy metals, POPs etc. included in these particles.
^ Category Code ^ Method ||||^ AD ||||^ EF |||||
| 1.A.3.b vi | T1, T3 ||||| NS, M ||||| CS |||||
^ Key Category ^ SO2 ^ NOx ^ NH3 ^ NMVOC ^ CO ^ BC ^ Pb ^ Hg ^ Cd ^ Diox ^ PAH ^ HCB ^ TSP ^ PM10 ^ PM2.5 ^
| 1.A.3.b vi | - | - | - | - | - | L/- | L/- | - | -/- | - | -/- | - | L/- | L/T | L/- |
===== Methodology =====
==== Activity data ====
Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data.
For detailed mileage data, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:start | superordinate chapter ]] on abrasive emissions from road vehicles.
==== Emission factors ====
__Table 1: Emission factors applied__
| |^ **Tyre Wear** |||||^ **Brake Wear** ||||||
| ::: | ::: ^ **PCs** ^ **LDVs** ^ **HDVs** ^ **Buses** ^ **Mopeds** ^ **Motorcycles** ^ **PCs** ^ **LDVs** ^ **HDVs** ^ **Buses** ^ **Mopeds** ^ **Motorcycles** ^
^ BC | [mg/km] | 1,07 | 1,69 | 4,50 | 4,50 | 0,55 | 0,55 | 0,75 | 1,17 | 3,27 | 3,27 | 0,44 | 0,44 |
^ PM2.5 | ::: | 4,49 | 7,10 | 18,9 | 18,9 | 1,93 | 1,93 | 2,93 | 4,56 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 1,44 | 1,44 |
^ PM10 | ::: | 6,40 | 10,1 | 27,0 | 24,3 | 2,80 | 2,80 | 7,35 | 11,5 | 32,0 | 28,8 | 3,63 | 3,63 |
^ TSP | ::: | 10,7 | 16,9 | 45,0 | 45,0 | 4,60 | 4,60 | 7,50 | 11,7 | 32,7 | 32,7 | 3,70 | 3,7 |
^ Pb | [µg/km] | 1,88 | 2,97 | 4,26 | 3,10 | 0,81 | 0,81 | 45,5 | 71,0 | 199 | 199 | 22,5 | 22,5 |
^ Hg | ::: | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
^ Cd | ::: | 0,05 | 0,08 | 0,11 | 0,08 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 0,17 | 0,26 | 0,73 | 0,73 | 0,08 | 0,08 |
^ As | ::: | 0,04 | 0,06 | 0,09 | 0,07 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 0,51 | 0,79 | 2,21 | 2,21 | 0,25 | 0,25 |
^ Cr | ::: | 0,26 | 0,40 | 0,58 | 0,42 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 17,3 | 27,0 | 75,7 | 75,7 | 8,55 | 8,55 |
^ Cu | ::: | 1,86 | 2,94 | 4,21 | 3,06 | 0,80 | 0,80 | 383 | 598 | 1674 | 1674 | 189 | 189 |
^ Ni | ::: | 0,32 | 0,51 | 0,72 | 0,53 | 0,14 | 0,14 | 2,45 | 3,83 | 10,71 | 10,71 | 1,21 | 1,21 |
^ Se | ::: | 0,21 | 0,34 | 0,48 | 0,35 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 0,15 | 0,23 | 0,66 | 0,66 | 0,07 | 0,07 |
^ Zn | ::: | 79,5 | 126 | 180 | 131 | 34,2 | 34,2 | 65,1 | 102 | 284 | 284 | 32,1 | 32,1 |
^ B[a]P | ::: | 0,032 | 0,049 | 0,134 | 0,120 | 0,013 | 0,013 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ B[b]F | ::: | 0,038 | 0,063 | 0,161 | 0,144 | 0,019 | 0,019 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ B[k]F | ::: | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ I[..]P | ::: | 0,019 | 0,028 | 0,082 | 0,072 | 0,006 | 0,006 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ ∑ PAHs 1-4 | ::: | 0,090 | 0,140 | 0,379 | 0,336 | 0,038 | 0,038 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
=====Discussion of emission trends=====
//(emissions from wear/abrasion only; no fuel combustion included)//
__Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__
| for: ^ BC ^ Pb ^ TSP ^ PM10 ^ PM2.5 ^
| by: | Level | L/- | L/- | Level & Trend | L/- |
All reported emissons from tyre and brake wear are connected directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered.
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:1a3bvi_em_pm2.5.png?700 }}
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:1a3bvi_em_pb.png?700 }}
===== Recalculations =====
**Activity data** (mileage) have been revised due to the regular revision of the TREMOD model. (see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:start | superordinate chapter ]]).
However, the biggest changes occur in the tier1 **emission factors** that have been revised during a research study.
The variety of old and revised emission factors cannot be compared here in a comprehendible way.
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
===== Planned improvements =====
Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.