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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/01/16 19:50] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/02/22 10:16] – [Short description] Key Category Updated gniffke
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 Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// comprises district heating plants and electricity and heat production of power plants. Waste incineration is also included. Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// comprises district heating plants and electricity and heat production of power plants. Waste incineration is also included.
  
-^  Method   AD  ^  EF  ^  Key Category                                                                                                     +Category Code   Method                                ||||^  AD                                ||||^  EF                                  ||||| 
-|  T2      |  NS  |  CS  |  **L&T:** NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>x</sub>, TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, Hg, Cd, PCDD/F; **L:** CO, HCB  |+| 1.A.1.a        |  T2                                    |||||  NS                                |||||  CS                                  ||||| 
 +^  Key Category   SO₂      NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO    BC    Pb    Hg    Cd    Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  
 +| 1.A.1.a        |  L/T     |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  L/-  |  -/-  |  L/-  |  L/  L/T  |  L/T    -/-  |  L/-  |  L/T  |  L/T    L/T    |
  
 {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
  
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:Lippendorf_power_plant.png?nolink&400     }}+\\ 
 + 
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:Lippendorf_power_plant.png?nolink&400 }}
  
 ===== Methodology ===== ===== Methodology =====
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 All the data result in the calculation model "Balance of Emission Sources" which is part of the central database (CSE). The aim of this database is to produce more detailed fuel consumption data which are adjusted to the special technical characteristics of electricity and heat production. As a result, fuel-specific and technology-specific emission factors may be applied to the relevant activity rates. As a result, 142 so called time series were implemented in the database CSE. The year 1990 required a different structure within the database with 154 additional time series, since this was the year of the re-unification in Germany with two different statistical offices and two data systems. All the data result in the calculation model "Balance of Emission Sources" which is part of the central database (CSE). The aim of this database is to produce more detailed fuel consumption data which are adjusted to the special technical characteristics of electricity and heat production. As a result, fuel-specific and technology-specific emission factors may be applied to the relevant activity rates. As a result, 142 so called time series were implemented in the database CSE. The year 1990 required a different structure within the database with 154 additional time series, since this was the year of the re-unification in Germany with two different statistical offices and two data systems.
  
-When the calculations for submission 2020 were done, the Energy Balance 2018 was not yet available. Insofar, for the year 2018, preliminary data are used. These data are also provided by the Working Group on Energy Balances which compiles a preliminary energy balance. That's the reason why Germany has to done recalculations for the previous year.+When the calculations for submission 2021 were done, the Energy Balance 2019 was not yet available. Insofar, for the year 2019, preliminary data are used. These data are also provided by the Working Group on Energy Balances which compiles a preliminary energy balance. That's the reason why Germany has to done recalculations for the previous year.
  
 For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics are used to ensure completeness and to avoid double counting. For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics are used to ensure completeness and to avoid double counting.
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 The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation. The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation.
  
-That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project's aim was to determine and evaluate representative emission factors for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010 for the main air pollutants produced by combustion plants and gas turbine plants in Germany that are subject to licensing requirements. This process consists primarily of analysing and characterising the relevant emitter structures, and the pertinent emission factors, for the year 1995, and then of updating the data for the years 2000 and 2010. This procedure systematically determines emission factors for the substances SO2NOx, CO, NMVOC, dust, and N2O. The process differentiates between 12 coal fuels, 4 liquid fuels, 7 gaseous fuels and firewood. In addition, the available data relative to emission factors of other substances are also compiled; these other substances include PAH, PCDD/F, As, and Cd for combustion systems subject to licensing requirements. +That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project's aim was to determine and evaluate representative emission factors for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010 for the main air pollutants produced by combustion plants and gas turbine plants in Germany that are subject to licensing requirements. This process consists primarily of analysing and characterising the relevant emitter structures, and the pertinent emission factors, for the year 1995, and then of updating the data for the years 2000 and 2010. This procedure systematically determines emission factors for the substances SO<sub>x</sub>NO<sub>x</sub>, CO, NMVOC, dust, and N<sub>2</sub>O. The process differentiates between 12 coal fuels, 4 liquid fuels, 7 gaseous fuels and firewood. In addition, the available data relative to emission factors of other substances are also compiled; these other substances include PAH, PCDD/F, As, and Cd for combustion systems subject to licensing requirements. 
-As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive"), individual emission factors for the components SO2NOx and dust were revised in keeping with recent findings.+As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive"), individual emission factors for the components SO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>x</sub> and dust were revised in keeping with recent findings.
  
-In 2018 and 2019 SO2NOX, TSP, PM, CO, NH3 and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [(UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: "Updating the Emission Factors for Large Combustion Plants": https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/updating-emission-factors-large-combustion-plants)]) For the reporting year 2016 a complete data set is available. In former times data were not complete. There was no reporting obligation of co-incineration plants. The large combustion data base was also the data basis of the research project (Fichtner et al. 2011) [(Fichtner et al., 2011: W. Fichtner, U. Karl, R. Hartel, D. Balussou: Large and medium combustion plants, including gasturbines: FKZ 3708 42 301, "Fortschreibung der Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungs- und Gasturbinenanlagen nach 13./17. BImSchV und TA Luft"; DFIU, KIT, and EIFER, 2011; not published)] which was completed in 2011. Since the data set was not complete that time, in some cases a revision until 2004 was necessary.+In 2018 and 2019 SO<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>x</sub>, TSP, PM, CO, NH<sub>3</sub> and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [(UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: "Updating the Emission Factors for Large Combustion Plants": https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/updating-emission-factors-large-combustion-plants)]) For the reporting year 2016 a complete data set is available. In former times data were not complete. There was no reporting obligation of co-incineration plants. The large combustion data base was also the data basis of the research project (Fichtner et al. 2011) [(Fichtner et al., 2011: W. Fichtner, U. Karl, R. Hartel, D. Balussou: Large and medium combustion plants, including gasturbines: FKZ 3708 42 301, "Fortschreibung der Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungs- und Gasturbinenanlagen nach 13./17. BImSchV und TA Luft"; DFIU, KIT, and EIFER, 2011; not published)] which was completed in 2011. Since the data set was not complete that time, in some cases a revision until 2004 was necessary.
 Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/estimated/calculated data) of large combustion plants. The combination of emission from PRTR and the relevant fuel data from a database called "POSO", which contains additional data of large combustion plants, allows the determination of plant-specific emission factors. Due to the fact, that only some plants do really measure heavy metals, the determined emission factors were used for the whole sector (1.A.1.a). Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/estimated/calculated data) of large combustion plants. The combination of emission from PRTR and the relevant fuel data from a database called "POSO", which contains additional data of large combustion plants, allows the determination of plant-specific emission factors. Due to the fact, that only some plants do really measure heavy metals, the determined emission factors were used for the whole sector (1.A.1.a).
 HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016. HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016.
  
-Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO2 emission factors were calculated by using data on the sulfur content. In terms of natural gas sulfur content has been measured during a project. Data on all important regions is available. The sulfur of the odorization is also considered, which is a bit conservativ, since not all plants use natural gas with odorization. Concerning light fuel oil, the limit value is used for emission reporting. It can be assumed that large combustion plants mainly use light fuel oil with a sulfur content of 1000 mg/kg while low-sulfur fuel oil is mainly used in small combustion plants.+Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO<sub>2</sub> emission factors were calculated by using data on the sulfur content. In terms of natural gas sulfur content has been measured during a project. Data on all important regions is available. The sulfur of the odorization is also considered, which is a bit conservativ, since not all plants use natural gas with odorization. Concerning light fuel oil, the limit value is used for emission reporting. It can be assumed that large combustion plants mainly use light fuel oil with a sulfur content of 1000 mg/kg while low-sulfur fuel oil is mainly used in small combustion plants.
  
 == Engines == == Engines ==
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 ^ Pollutant                  ^  SOx      ^  NOx    TSP  ^  CO    ^  Pb      ^  Hg    Cd   ^ ^ Pollutant                  ^  SOx      ^  NOx    TSP  ^  CO    ^  Pb      ^  Hg    Cd   ^
 ^ Fuel                        [kg/TJ]                         ||||  [g/TJ]                ||| ^ Fuel                        [kg/TJ]                         ||||  [g/TJ]                |||
-^ Hard Coal                  |      39.|   56.|   1.5 |    6.|     3.63 |  1.03 |   0.5 | +^ Hard Coal                  |      41.|   56.|   1.5 |    6.|     3.64 |  1.04 |   0.5 | 
-^ Lignite                    |      52.|   77.|   2.0 |   32.5 |     2.75 |  2.89 |  0.37 | +^ Lignite                    |      53.|   77.|   2.0 |   32.5 |     2.75 |  2.96 |  0.37 | 
-^ Natural gas                |       0.1 |   36.|   0.3 |    9.|  NA      |  0.01 |  NA   | +^ Natural gas                |       0.1 |   37.|   0.3 |   10.|  NA      |  0.01 |  NA   | 
-^ Petroleum products              53.|  112.4 |   4.|   24.|     3.33 |  0.63 |  0.11 +^ Petroleum products              71.|  112.4 |   4.|   25.|     3.93 |  0.75 |  0.12 
-^ Biomass (excluding Waste)  |      55.|  174.|   4.|  150.     4.|  0.14 |  0.11 |+^ Biomass (excluding Waste)  |      56.|  175.|   4.|  151.    4.47 |  0.13 |  0.10 |
 ^ Municipal Waste            |       3.2 |     49 |   0.5 |    5.0 |     2.70 |  1.10 |  0.36 | ^ Municipal Waste            |       3.2 |     49 |   0.5 |    5.0 |     2.70 |  1.10 |  0.36 |
  
 The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude. The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude.
-PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. Regarding all solid fuels the share of PM10 is 90 % and the share of PM2.5 is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. In terms of natural gas and biogas PM10 and PM2.5 fractions are considered as 100 % of TSP. Regarding wood a share of 100% PM10 and 90% PM2.5 is used. For liquid fuels the default share of 100% PM10 and PM2.5 is used. In the cases of co-incineration, where liquid fuels are only used for ignition in coal fired plants, the share of coal fired plants is used. PM emission reporting starts in 1995, since no sufficient information about the dust composition of the early 1990s is available.+PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. Regarding all solid fuels the share of PM<sub>10</sub> is 90 % and the share of PM<sub>2.5</sub> is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. In terms of natural gas and biogas PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> fractions are considered as 100 % of TSP. Regarding wood a share of 100% PM<sub>10</sub> and 90% PM<sub>2.5</sub> is used. For liquid fuels the default share of 100% PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> is used. In the cases of co-incineration, where liquid fuels are only used for ignition in coal fired plants, the share of coal fired plants is used. PM emission reporting starts in 1995, since no sufficient information about the dust composition of the early 1990s is available.
  
 ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources =====
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 === Fuel Consumption === === Fuel Consumption ===
-(missing graphics 1) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_fossil.png?400|Annual acitity data for fossil fuels}} 
-(missing graphics 2)+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_waste.png?400|Annual activity data for waste fuels and biomass}} 
  
 The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies. The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies.
  
 === Sulfur Oxides - SOx === === Sulfur Oxides - SOx ===
-SOx emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However SOx emissions decrease more than lignite consumption does. Before the German Reunification in 1990, lignite fired public power plants in Eastern Germany didn't use flue gas desulphurisation plants. The implementation of stricter regulations in the New German Länder resulted in considerably decreasing emissions. In recent years the development of SO2 emissions is mainly influenced by coal consumption. From 2005 onwards biogas which has a considerable sulphur content is gaining in importance. In 2016 emissions from coal fired plants decreased considerably due to a stricter regulation related to the limit values and the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants.+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox.png?400|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox_2000.png?400|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details 2000-2018}} 
 + 
 +SO<sub>x</sub> emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However SO<sub>x</sub> emissions decrease more than lignite consumption does. Before the German Reunification in 1990, lignite fired public power plants in Eastern Germany didn't use flue gas desulphurisation plants. The implementation of stricter regulations in the New German Länder resulted in considerably decreasing emissions. In recent years the development of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions is mainly influenced by coal consumption. From 2005 onwards biogas which has a considerable sulphur content is gaining in importance. In 2016 emissions from coal fired plants decreased considerably due to a stricter regulation related to the limit values and the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants. The emission reduction in 2019 is a result of the decreasing coal consumption.
  
 === Nitrogen Oxides - NOx === === Nitrogen Oxides - NOx ===
-Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NOx emission reduction measurements in the New German Länder. After 2002 the increasing consumption of natural gas biogas, wood and other biomass in the public sector gain influence and increases NOx emissions. The upward trend was only interrupted by the economic crises in 2009.+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_nox.png?400|Annual NOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
 + 
 +Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction measurements in the New German Länder. After 2002 the increasing consumption of natural gas biogas, wood and other biomass in the public sector gain influence and increases NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The upward trend was only interrupted by the economic crises in 2009. From 2014 onwards NO<sub>x</sub> emissions decreases mainly caused by the decreasing hard coal consumption.   
  
 === Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP === === Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP ===
-(missing graphics 1) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm2.5.png?400|Annual PM2.5 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-(missing graphics 2) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm10.png?400|Annual PM10 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-(missing graphics 3) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp.png?400|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-(missing graphics 4) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp_2000.png?400|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details from 2000-2018}} 
-Similar to SOx emissions, Particulate Matter emissions decreases considerably since 1990 due to stricter regulations in eastern Germany. After 2002 PM10 and PM2.5 emission trends were influenced by the increasing use of biomass for public electricity and heat production. TSP and PM emissions from coal fired plants show a decreasing trend from 2005 onwards due to improvements of abatement systems.+ 
 +Similar to SO<sub>x</sub> emissions, Particulate Matter emissions decreases considerably since 1990 due to stricter regulations in eastern Germany. After 2002 PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emission trends were influenced by the increasing use of biomass for public electricity and heat production. TSP and PM emissions from coal fired plants show a decreasing trend from 2005 onwards due to improvements of abatement systems. The remarkable Emission reduction in 2019 is a result of the deacreasing coal consumption
  
 === Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd === === Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd ===
-(missing graphics 1) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pb.png?400|Annual Pb emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-(missing graphics 2) +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_hg.png?400|Annual Hg emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-(missing graphics 3)+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_cd.png?400|Annual Cd emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
  
 Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend. Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend.
  
 === Persistent Organic Pollutants === === Persistent Organic Pollutants ===
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pcddf.png?400|Annual PCDD/PCDF emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +
 Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level. Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level.
  
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 Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculation from 2004 - 2017 result on the revision of CO and NH3 emission factors for large combustion plants. A complete Revision of biomass data from 2003 - 2017 leds to recalculations of all pollutants. Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculation from 2004 - 2017 result on the revision of CO and NH3 emission factors for large combustion plants. A complete Revision of biomass data from 2003 - 2017 leds to recalculations of all pollutants.
  
-<WRAP info> For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. </WRAP>+<WRAP center round info 60%> 
 +For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP> 
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====