1.A.3.d - Navigation

Short description

Category 1.A.3.d - Navigation includes emissions from national and international inland and maritime navigation.

NFR-Code Name of Category Method AD EF Key Category Analysis
1.A.3.d Navigation see sub-category details
consisting of / including source categories
1.A.3.d i (ii) International Inland Waterways Germany does not report emissions from this sub-category.
1.A.3.d ii National Navigation (Shipping) see sub-category details
1.A.3.d i (i) International Maritime Navigation see sub-category details

Methodology

Activity Data

Primary fuel deliveries data for the entire navigation sector (maritime and inland waterways) is included in lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') of the National Energy Balance (NEB) (AGEB, 2020) 1). (For comparison, official mineral-oil data of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA, 2020) 2) and sales data of the German Petroleum Industry Association (MWV, 2020) 3) are used, too.)

Data on the consumption of biodiesel is provided in NEB line 64 from 2004 onward. However, as this data appears to be rather inconsistent, the consumption of biofuels is calculated within TREMOD via the official annual blending rates.

Table 1: Primary fuel deliveries as listed in the National Energy Balance, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
NEB line 6 - Maritime Bunkers ('Hochseebunkerungen')
Diesel / Light heating oil 23,336 20,426 21,542 18,636 22,483 21,046 18,617 18,333 20,898 43,376 42,606 36,872 31,406 30,214
Heavy fuel oil 80,230 64,382 69,578 85,370 93,063 92,649 87,595 77,754 73,729 57,900 74,844 58,788 39,570 26,959
NEB line 64 - Coastal and Inland Navigation ('Küsten- und Binnenschifffahrt')
Diesel oil 27,710 23,562 11,864 12,831 11,182 12,050 11,322 11,635 12,112 13,321 11,131 10,150 10,619 10,739
TOTAL Navigation 131,276 108,370 102,984 116,837 126,728 125,745 117,534 107,722 106,739 114,597 128,581 105,81 81,595 67,912

source: National Energy Balances 4)

As the statistical allocation of fuels delivered to the navigation (shipping) sector follows tax aspects, NEB line 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') includes all fuel deliveries to IMO-registered ship involved in both national and international maritime activities. On the other hand, NEB line 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') includes all fuel deliveries to ship involved in inland and non-IMO maritime navigation.

Table 2: Allocation of for subsector-specfic fuel deliveries data in the NEB

NEB line including fuel deliveries to navigation sub-sectors…
6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers' …international maritime navigation / national maritime navigation (IMO) / national fishing (IMO) / military navigation (IMO)
64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation' …national inland navigation / national maritime navigation (non-IMO) / national fishing (non-IMO) / military navigation (non-IMO)

Therefore, the amounts of fuels listed in NEB lines 6 and 64 are broken down on several sub-sectors.

Regarding all national maritime activities, taking place in National Maritime Navigation, national fishing, and military navigation, a country-specific approach allows for estimating tier3 fuel consumption data based on ship movement information (AIS signal) for IMO- and non-IMO ships.

In contrast to this bottom-up approach, fuel consumption in both international maritime navigation and national inland navigation are calculated as tier1 estimates. The following equations and charts try to illustrate the way of deducing these tier1 activity data:

Estimating the tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation:

AD1.A.3.d i = PADNEB line 6 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d i - tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation
* PADNEB line 6 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in military navigation

Estimating the tier1 activity data for National inland navigation:

AD1.A.3.d ii (b) = PADNEB line 64 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - non-IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d ii (b) - tier1 activity data for National inland navigation
* PADNEB line 64 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for non-IMO ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii -non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in military navigation

Table 3: Resulting breakdown of primary fuel deliveries onto the different navigation sub-sectors, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Navigation TOTAL 131,276 108,370 102,984 116,837 126,728 125,745 117,534 107,722 106,739 114,597 128,581 105,81 81,595 67,912 131,276 108,37 102,984 116,837
1.A.3.d i - International maritime navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 12.748 12.919 13.664 11.993 15.817 17.524 13.105 14.412 16.662 15.370 12.594 12.414 13.674 33.088 28.093 22.924 15.213 18.327
Heavy fuel oil 68.484 56.323 60.984 78.182 78.257 96.625 96.017 85.865 86.934 86.687 81.171 71.364 67.670 57.850 74.837 58.781 39.380 26.601
1.A.3.d ii (a) - National maritime navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 15,940 11,258 11,860 9,962 9,845 10,395 10,834 9,486 8,685 8,489 9,046 9,047 9,965 13,359 16,295 15,221 16,336 13,961
Heavy fuel oil 11,723 8,041 8,577 7,172 7,004 7,425 7,797 6,733 6,114 5,961 6,410 6,376 6,046 50.0 7.05 7.01 190 358
1.A.3.d ii (b) - National inland navigation
Diesel oil 20,664 18,597 6,788 8,634 7,050 6,836 5,683 7,129 7,497 8,466 7,556 7,777 8,567 9,422 7,873 7,179 7,511 7,595
1.A.4.c iii - Fishing
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 711 549 531 488 474 486 484 482 473 442 431 429 472 555 1,117 1,208 2,455
Heavy fuel oil 24 18 18 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 14 14 13 0 0 0 0
1.A.5.b iii - Military navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 983 665 563 410 383 366 360 349 347 330 313 302 332 273 359 489 423
Heavy fuel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Emission factors

Annual country-specific emission factors have been developed within the underlying models maintained at the ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Knörr et al. (2020a): TREMOD) 5) and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Deichnik (2020): BSH model) 6).

For information on these country-specific emission factors, please refer to the sub-chapters linked above.

Furthermore, for heavy metal and POP emissions tier1 EF have been derived from the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 mainly 7).

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Table 4 shows the tier1 emission factors for exhaust emissions of heavy-metals and POPs as applied to all navigation sub-categories in 1.A.3.d as well as NFRs 1.A.4.c iii and 1.A.5.b iii. The listed values have been derived from default values provided in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2019) 8) and (Rentz et al., 2008) 9).

Here, as the guidebook does not provide source-specific values for PAHs, respective values provided for diesel in railways and heavy duty road vehicles have been applied as a gap-filling proxy.

Table 4: Tier1 emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn B[a]P B[b]F B[k]F I[…]p PAH 1-4 PCBs HCB PCDD/F
[g/TJ] [mg/TJ]
Diesel oil 3.03 2 0.233 2 0.698 2 0.93 2 1.16 2 20.5 2 23.3 2 2.33 2 27.9 2 698 5 1,164 5 801 6 1846 2,847 4 0.885 2 1.86 2 93.0 7
Heavy fuel oil 4.46 3 0.496 3 0.496 3 16.9 3 17.8 3 31.0 3 793 3 5.20 3 29.7 3 741 5 1,235 5 849 6 195 6 3,020 4 14.1 3 3.46 3 98.7 7

2 tier1 defaults from 10), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-2
3 tier1 defaults from 11), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-1
4 sum of tier1 default values applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[1,2,3-c,d]P
5 tier1 defaults from 12), Chapter: 1.A.3.c Railways: Diesel, Table 3-1
6 tier1 defaults from 13), Chapter: 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv - Road transport, Table 3-8: HDV, Diesel
7 tier1 value derived from 14)


1), 4) AGEB, 2020: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, (Aufruf: 29.11.2020), Köln & Berlin, 2020
2) BAFA, 2020: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2018_dezember.html, Eschborn, 2020.
5) Knörr et al. (2020a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2020.
6) Deichnik (2020): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs. from Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH - Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency); Hamburg, 2020.
7), 8), 10), 11), 12), 13) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
9), 14) Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer