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sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2021/03/17 11:06] – [Planned improvements] boettchersector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2022/09/27 08:44] (current) – [References] tarakji
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 | 1.B.1.a        |  -        -    |  -    |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -    -    -    -      -    |  -    |  -/-  |  -/-    -/-    | | 1.B.1.a        |  -        -    |  -    |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -    -    -    -      -    |  -    |  -/-  |  -/-    -/-    |
 | 1.B.1.b        |  -/-      -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -    -    -    -/-    L/T  |  -    |  L/T  |  -/-    -/-    | | 1.B.1.b        |  -/-      -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -    -    -    -/-    L/T  |  -    |  L/T  |  -/-    -/-    |
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 +{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
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 The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only. The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.
  
 <WRAP center round box 80%> <WRAP center round box 80%>
-Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under 2.L(a) - "Handling of Bulk Products"+Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under  [[sector:ippu:bulk_products:handling_of_bulk_products:start|2.L(a) - Handling of Bulk Products]]"
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-==== Lignite production ====+===== Lignite production =====
 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}}
 The activity rates for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft//’s website (in German only) [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT)]. Extracted coal is moved directly to processing and to power stations. The activity rates for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft//’s website (in German only) [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT)]. Extracted coal is moved directly to processing and to power stations.
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 | Extraction of lignite      |  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  | 0.00375  | | Extraction of lignite      |  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  | 0.00375  |
  
-==== Lignite coke production ====+===== Lignite coke production =====
  
 ^ Activity data          ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ ^ Activity data          ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^
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 | production of lignite coke      PAH      |  mg/t  | 55  | | production of lignite coke      PAH      |  mg/t  | 55  |
 | production of lignite coke      PCDD/     |  µg/t  | 0.03  | | production of lignite coke      PCDD/     |  µg/t  | 0.03  |
-==== Hard coal coke production ====+ 
 +===== Hard coal coke production =====
  
 The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [9].  The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [9]. 
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-==== Charcoal production ====+===== Charcoal production =====
  
 Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] .  Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] . 
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 <WRAP center round box 50%> <WRAP center round box 50%>
-Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under 2.G.4. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b.+Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under [[sector:ippu:other_product_use:charcoal:start|2.G. - Use of Charcoal for barbecues]]. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
  
-==== Decommissioned hard-coal mines ====+===== Decommissioned hard-coal mines =====
  
 NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid.  NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid. 
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 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-will be published later - in meantime please refer to chapter 8."recalculations"+Please refer to overarching chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]]
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
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 [(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )] [(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )]
 [(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )] [(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]
-[(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas. Mokany, K., Raison, R., & Prokushkin, A. S. (2006): Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology, 12(1), 84-96. )] +[(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)] 
-[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft2019[[https://www.kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )]+[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019[[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )]