====== 1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation: Cruise ======

===== Short description =====

^ Category Code    ^  Method                                                                                                      ||||^  AD                                        ||||^  EF                                    |||||
| 1.A.3.a ii (ii)  |  T1, T2, T3                                                                                                  |||||  NS, M                                     |||||  CS, D, M                              |||||
^                  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>                             ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC  ^  CO  ^  PB  ^  Cd        ^  Hg  ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^
| Key Category:    |  //not included in key category analysis//                                                                                                                                                       |||||||||||||||

In NFR category //1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation: Cruise// emissions from domestic flights between German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported.

In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

===== Methodology =====

==== Actitvity Data ====

Specific fuel consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|superordinate chapter]].

__Table 1: annual jet kerosene & avgas consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules__
|           ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2006   ^  2007   ^  2008   ^  2009   ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^
^ Kerosene  |  21,690 |  19,937 |  25,301 |  24,071 |  24,736 |  25,337 |  25,111 |  24,048 |  22,503 |  20,552 |  21,026 |  19,762 |  19,038 |  19,195 |  20,067 |  20,793 |  21,067 |  21,672 |  10,114 |
^ Avgas     |   1,681 |     805 |     779 |     472 |     437 |     408 |     432 |     404 |     382 |     440 |     398 |     354 |     343 |     393 |     322 |     320 |     310 |     256 |     170 |
source: Knörr et al. (2021c) [(KNOERR2021c)] & Gores (2021) [(GORES2021)]

==== Emission factors ====

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 [(KNOERR2010)] and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2021c)]. 

For more information, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|superordinate chapter]] on civil aviation.

__Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ__
|                   ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2006   ^  2007   ^  2008   ^  2009   ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^
| **JET KEROSENE**                                                                                                                                                                    |||||||||||||||||||         |
^ NH<sub>3</sub>    |    3.98 |    3.95 |    3.95 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |
^ NMVOC             |    14.4 |    16.0 |    16.6 |    18.9 |    19.9 |    20.4 |    20.6 |    20.3 |    19.9 |    19.9 |    20.2 |    21.7 |    22.7 |    22.0 |    17.7 |    18.1 |    17.7 |    19.4 |    26.1 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>    |     337 |     375 |     348 |     340 |     341 |     347 |     358 |     368 |     374 |     376 |     381 |     383 |     381 |     386 |     397 |     400 |     396 |     396 |     370 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>    |    19.7 |    19.5 |    19.5 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |
^ BC                |    1.82 |    2.15 |    2.00 |    2.20 |    2.28 |    2.23 |    1.98 |    1.97 |    2.02 |    2.00 |    2.02 |    2.02 |    1.95 |    2.05 |    1.95 |    1.99 |    2.18 |    2.13 |    2.66 |
^ PM                |    3.80 |    4.48 |    4.16 |    4.58 |    4.75 |    4.65 |    4.13 |    4.11 |    4.22 |    4.17 |    4.20 |    4.21 |    4.07 |    4.27 |    4.06 |    4.15 |    4.54 |    4.45 |    5.55 |
^ CO                |     147 |     149 |     186 |     203 |     203 |     203 |     204 |     202 |     197 |     197 |     201 |     212 |     219 |     214 |     154 |     151 |     152 |     159 |     241 |
| **AVGAS**                                                                                                                                                                                    ||||||||||||||||||||
^ NH<sub>3</sub>    |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |  NE     |
^ NMVOC             |     549 |     559 |     545 |     551 |     550 |     548 |     549 |     551 |     548 |     558 |     557 |     557 |     556 |     555 |     557 |     552 |     561 |     579 |     580 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>    |     132 |     134 |     130 |     132 |     131 |     130 |     131 |     131 |     130 |     134 |     133 |     134 |     133 |     132 |   133.2 |   130.4 |   134.7 |   142.5 |   143.5 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>    |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |
^ BC                |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.43 |    0.42 |    0.42 |    0.42 |
^ PM                |    2.78 |    2.81 |    2.78 |    2.80 |    2.80 |    2.81 |    2.80 |    2.81 |    2.81 |    2.82 |    2.83 |    2.82 |    2.83 |    2.83 |    2.82 |    2.85 |    2.83 |    2.80 |    2.79 |
^ TSP               |    17.9 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |    18.0 |
^ CO                |  21,184 |  21,581 |  21,324 |  21,543 |  21,663 |  21,780 |  21,630 |  21,761 |  21,850 |  21,864 |  21,979 |  21,921 |  22,002 |  22,097 |  21,979 |  22,459 |  21,962 |  21,040 |  20,928 |
<sup>1</sup> EF(TSP) also applied for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM<sub>2.5</sub>) \\
<sup>2</sup> estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: "Conclusion". 
      
<WRAP center round info 100%>
For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.
</WRAP> 

<WRAP center round info 100%>
For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.
</WRAP>

===== Trend discussion for Key Sources =====

NFR 1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation - Cruise is **not included in the national emission totals** and hence **not included in the key category analysis**.

===== Recalculations =====

**Activity data** have been revised within TREMOD AV to keep in line with information the final 2019 NEB. 

Furthermore, after the implemetation of aviation gasoline (avgas) for international flights, the distribution onto LTO and Cruise stage have been revised widely for all years.  

__Table 3: Revised annual fuel consumption in 1.A.3.a ii (ii), in terajoules__
|                   ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2006   ^  2007   ^  2008   ^  2009   ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^
| **JET KEROSENE**                                                                                                                                                                    |||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2022   |  21,690 |  19,937 |  25,301 |  24,071 |  24,736 |  25,337 |  25,111 |  24,048 |  22,503 |  20,552 |  21,026 |  19,762 |  19,038 |  19,195 |  20,067 |  20,793 |  21,067 |  21,672 |
^ Submission 2021   |  21,690 |  19,937 |  25,301 |  24,071 |  24,736 |  25,337 |  25,111 |  24,048 |  22,503 |  20,552 |  21,026 |  19,762 |  19,038 |  19,195 |  20,067 |  20,793 |  21,067 |  21,573 |
^ absolute change   |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    98.9 |
^ relative change   |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.46% |
| **AVGAS**                                                                                                                                                                           |||||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2022   |   1,681 |     805 |     779 |     472 |     437 |     408 |     432 |     404 |     382 |     440 |     398 |     354 |     343 |     393 |     322 |     320 |     310 |     256 |
^ Submission 2021   |   1,580 |     614 |     614 |     291 |     260 |     228 |     259 |     244 |     237 |     283 |     246 |     199 |     180 |     233 |     145 |     142 |     116 |    72.5 |
^ absolute change   |     101 |     191 |     165 |     181 |     177 |     181 |     174 |     160 |     146 |     156 |     152 |     155 |     163 |     160 |     177 |     178 |     193 |     184 |
^ relative change   |   6.42% |   31.1% |   26.9% |   62.2% |   67.8% |   79.4% |   67.2% |   65.7% |   61.6% |   55.0% |   61.9% |   77.7% |   90.3% |   68.7% |    122% |    125% |    166% |    254% |

In parallel, the majority of **country-specific emission factors**  applied for 2019 has been revised within TREMOD AV.

__Table 4: Revised country-specific emission-factors 2019, in [kg/TJ]__
|                  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  BC     ^  PM     ^  CO    ^
| KEROSENE                                                                                                  ||||||||
^ Submission 2022  |             3,97 |   19,39 |              396 |             19,6 |    2,13 |    4,45 |  159,0 |
^ Submission 2021  |             3,97 |   19,18 |              390 |             19,6 |    2,26 |    4,71 |  155,3 |
^ absolute change  |             0,00 |    0,21 |             5,54 |             0,00 |   -0,13 |   -0,27 |   3,75 |
^ relative change  |            0,00% |   1,11% |            1,42% |            0,00% |  -5,64% |  -5,64% |  2,41% |
| AVGAS                                                                                                     ||||||||
^ Submission 2022  |  NE              |     579 |            142,5 |             0,46 |    0,42 |    2,80 |  21040 |
^ Submission 2021  |  NE              |     579 |            142,6 |             0,46 |    0,42 |    2,80 |  21025 |
^ absolute change  |  0,00            |   -0,26 |            -0,14 |             0,00 |    0,00 |    0,00 |   15,2 |
^ relative change  |                  |  -0,05% |           -0,10% |            0,00% |   0,02% |   0,02% |  0,07% |

<WRAP center round info 60%>
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
</WRAP>

===== Uncertainties =====

For uncertainties information, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.

===== Planned improvements =====

For information on planned improvements, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.



[(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)]
[(KNOERR2021c> Knörr et al. (2021c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) 2018 - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2020.)]
[(GORES2021> Gores (2021): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2018, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2020.)]
[(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
[(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)]