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sector:agriculture:start [2021/02/09 17:55] – [Short description] doeringsector:agriculture:start [2022/09/19 08:16] (current) – Fix link hausmann
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 ====== Chapter 5 - NFR 3 - Agriculture (OVERVIEW) ====== ====== Chapter 5 - NFR 3 - Agriculture (OVERVIEW) ======
  
-Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I).  +Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I). Germany does not report emissions in  category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Vos et al., 2022)((Vos C, Rösemann C, Haenel H-D, Dämmgen U, Döring U, Wulf S, Eurich-Menden B, Freibauer A, Döhler H, Schreiner C, Osterburg B, Fuß R (2022) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2020 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2022Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, 452 p, Thünen Rep 91, DOI:10.3220/REP1646725833000. https://www.thuenen.de/de/fachinstitute/agrarklimaschutz/arbeitsbereiche/emissionsinventare)).
- +
-Germany did not allocate emissions to category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Rösemann et al., 2021 ((Rösemann et al. (2021): Rösemann C, Haenel H-D, Dämmgen U, Döring U, Wulf S, Eurich-Menden B, Freibauer A, Döhler H, Schreiner C, Osterburg B & Fuß, R (2021)Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German Agriculture 1990 –2019. Report on methods and data (RMD)Submission 2021. Thünen Report XX. https://www.thuenen.de/de/ak/arbeitsbereiche/emissionsinventare/)).+
  
 ^  NFR-Code    Name of Category                                                                       ^ ^  NFR-Code    Name of Category                                                                       ^
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 Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I). Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I).
-Germany did not allocate emissions to category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Rösemann et al., 2021: ((Rösemann C., Haenel H-D., Vos C., Dämmgen U., Döring U., Wulf S., Eurich-Menden B., Freibauer A., Döhler H., Schreiner C., Osterburg B. & Fuß, R. (2021): Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German Agriculture 1990 –2019. Report on methods and data (RMD), Submission 2021. Thünen Report (in preparation). https://www.thuenen.de/de/ak/arbeitsbereiche/emissionsinventare/)).+Germany does not report emissions in category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Vos et al., 2022).
  
 The pollutants reported are: The pollutants reported are:
  
-  *  ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>),+  *     ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>),
   *     nitric oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>),   *     nitric oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>),
   *     volatile organic compounds (NMVOC),   *     volatile organic compounds (NMVOC),
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 No heavy metal emissions are reported. No heavy metal emissions are reported.
  
-In 2019 the agricultural sector emitted  557.Gg of NH<sub>3</sub>, 112.Gg of NO<sub>x</sub>,  304.Gg of NMVOC,  60.3 Gg of TSP, 30.Gg of PM<sub>10</sub> and 4,4 Gg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 8.kg HCB. The trend from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph below. The sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This is a new emission source which also effects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. However, these emissions are excluded from emission accounting by [[general:adjustments:adjustment_de-c|adjustment]], as they are not part of the NEC and Gothenburg commitments. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold. Further details concerning trends can be found in Rösemann et al., 2021, Chapter 2.+In 2020 the agricultural sector emitted  512.Gg of NH<sub>3</sub>, 108.Gg of NO<sub>x</sub>,  298.Gg of NMVOC,  60.3 Gg of TSP, 30.Gg of PM<sub>10</sub> and 4,4 Gg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 1.05 kg HCB. The trend from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph below. The sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This is a new emission source which also effects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold and stricter regulations concerning application of urea fertilizers. Further details concerning trends can be found in Vos et al., 2022, Chapter 2
 + 
 +As depicted in the diagram below, in 2020 95.4 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 11.1 % and NMVOC 28.9 % to the total NOx and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 5.4 % (PM2.5), 16.7 and 17.8 %, respectively, to the national particle emissions. 
 +HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 22.1 % to the total German emissions. 
 + 
 + 
 +====Mitigation measures==== 
 + 
 +The agricultural inventory model can represent several abatement measures for emissions of NH<sub>3</sub> and particles. The measures comprise: 
 + 
 +  * changes in animal numbers and amount of applied fertilizers  
 + 
 +  * air scrubbing techniques: yearly updated data on frequencies of air scrubbing facilities and the removal efficiency are provided by KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft / Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture). The average removal efficiency of NH<sub>3</sub> is 80 % for swine and 70 % for poultry, while for TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> the rates are set to 90 % and for PM<sub>2.5</sub> to 70 % for both animal categories. For swine two types of air scrubbers are distinguished: certified systems that remove both NH<sub>3</sub> and particles, and non-certified systems that remove only particles reliably. 
 + 
 +  * reduced raw protein content in feeding of fattening pigs: the german animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening pig feed, therefore enabling the inventory to depict the changes in N-excretions over the time series. The time series is calibrated using data from official and representative surveys conducted by the Federal Statistical Office. 
 + 
 +  * reduced raw protein content in feeding and feed conversion rates of broilers: the German animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening broiler feed, and feed conversion rates of broilers. This makes it possible to model the changes in N-excretions over the time series. 
 + 
 +  * low emission spreading techniques of manure: official agricultural censuses survey the distribution of different manure spreading techniques and how fast organic fertilizers are incorporated into the soil. Germany uses distinct emission factors for different methods, techniques and incorporation durations. 
 + 
 +  * covering of slurry storage: agricultural censuses survey the distribution of different slurry covers. Germany uses distinct emission factors for the different covers.  
 + 
 +  * use of urease inhibitors: for urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the direct incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards. 
 + 
 +The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)((Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.)).
  
-As displayed in the diagram below, in 2019 95.1 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 9.9 % and NMVOC 27.2 % to the total NOx and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 4.8 % (PM2.5), 14.9 and 15.9 %, respectively, to the national particle emissions. +For NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC no mitigation measures are included.
-HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 69.5 % to total German emissions.+
  
-===== Recalculations and reasons ===== 
  
 +===== Reasons for recalculations =====
  
-(see [[general:recalculations:start|Chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]])**#Must be updated** 
  
-In the following, the most important reasons for recalculations are summarized. The need for recalculations arose from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Rösemann et al. (2021), Chapter 3.5.2).+(see [[general:recalculations:start|Chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]])
  
-1All Cattle: Following a reviewer recommendation (NECD review 2019), NMVOC emissions are now calculated with the Tier2 methodology.+The following list summarizes the most important reasons for recalculationsRecalculations result from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Vos et al. (2022), Chapter 3.5.2)
  
-2. Dairy cows: Update of milk yields in several years.+1) Incorporation of data from the 2020 official agricultural census. This changes data on housing systems, manure storage systems, manure application systems and cattle grazing. This results in some significant changes in the calculated emissions as far back as the year 2000 compared to the previous year's submission.
  
-3. Dairy cows, heifers, male beef cattle: Update of weight data concerning the years 2016 and 2017 and (only for male beef cattle) also the year 1999.+2) Dairy cows: Update of milk yield and slaughter weight for the year 2019
  
-4. Suckler cowsBased on re-analysis of the underlying literature, the default N-excretion was increased from 82 to 90.7 kg per place and year.+3) HeifersMinor changes in the nutrient content of some feed ingredients.
  
-5. PigsUpdate of animal numbers and weight data in 2016 and 2017.+4) Suckler cowsmodeling of the energy requirement and feed intake has been updated and adapted based on the dairy cow model.
  
-6. PigsIn the case of air scrubbing systems in pig housings, a distinction between certified and non-certified systems has been introduced in accordance with improved data availability for Submission 2020: For certified systems, removal of NH3 and particulate matter is taken into account, while non-certified systems are assumed to only remove particulate matter reliably.+5) Male cattle > 2 yearsUpdate of weights from 1999 onwards.
  
-7. Laying hens and broilersFor the present submission 2020, air scrubbing in housings was taken into account for the first time as activity data is now available.+6) SowsUpdate of the number of piglets per sow in 2019
  
-8. Laying hensUpdate of animal numbers in 2017.+7) Fattening pigsNew data on raw protein content, ash content and digestibility of feed from 1990 onwards
  
-9. Broilers: Update of the national gross production of broiler meat in 2017.+8) Broilers: New data on raw protein content, ash content and digestibility of feed from 2000 onwards. Update of the national gross production of broiler meat in 2019.
  
-10. PulletsThe calculation of N excretions was corrected after internal review.+9) TurkeysUpdate of input data (slaughter weight, weight gain and feed conversion coefficient) for the years 2017-2019.
  
-11. Anaerobic digestion of animal manuresUpdate of activity data in all years.+10) Geeseupdate (increase) of the amount of bedding material (straw) and update (increase) of N-excretions for the whole time series.
  
-12. Anaerobic digestion of energy cropsUpdate of the amounts of energy crops in all years.+11) Laying hensImproved interpolation of start weights and final weights for the whole time series. 
 +  
 +12) Pullets: Improved interpolation of start weights and final weights for the whole time series.
  
-13. Application of sewage sludge to soils: Update of the activity data in 2017.+13) Anaerobic digestion of animal manures: Update of activity data in all years. 
 +  
 +14) Mineral fertilizers: : New weighting procedure for the latest year: 2020 weighted mean from 2019 (weight 1/3) and 2020 (weight 2/3)).
  
-14. Starting with the present Submission 2020, the emission factors for spreading of liquid manure and anaerobically digested manure with trailing shoe on bare soil were updated; they are now assumed to be identical to the emission factors for spreading with trailing hose on bare soilThis was judged to be more realistic than the previous assumption of them being identical to those for trailing shoe on grassland.+15) Application of sewage sludge to soils: Update of activity data in 2018 and 2019Minor corrections of activity data in one federal state for the whole time series.
  
-15. The emissions of TSP and PM from agricultural soils differ slightly from the corresponding emissions in Submission 2019. These changes are due to the fact that for the first time the acreage of strawberries and cereals for whole plant harvesting were considered. The differences to the submission 2019 are between 0.05% (1990) and 1.1% (2015).+16) Anaerobic digestion of energy crops: Update of activity data in 2019. 
 +  
 +17) Soils: Minor corrections of cultivated areas and yields in several years.
  
-16. Emissions of HCB: Update of the activity data in 2017. +18) Pesticides: Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances Lindane (1990 – 1997), Chlorothalonil and Picloram (2019) and the maximum amount of HCB in the active substance Chlorothalonil of the FAO specification was used for the calculation in the period 2005 - 2017.
-Visual overview+
  
-Chart showing emission trends for main pollutants in NFR 3 - Agriculture: 
  
  
-2018 emissions by sector 
  
-Click to enlarge.+===== Visual overview ===== 
 +__Chart showing emission trends for main pollutants in //NFR 3 - Agriculture//:__ 
 +[{{:sector:iir_nfr3.png?nolink&direct&600|NFR 3 emission trends per category}}] 
 +[{{:sector:iir_nfr3_from_2005.png?nolink&direct&600|NFR 3 emission trends per category, from 2005}}] 
 +__Contribution of NFR categories to the emissions/Anteile der NFR-Kategorien an den Emissionen__ 
 +[{{:sector:cats_pollutants_incl_transport.png?nolink&direct&600|Contribution of NFR categories to the emissions}}]
  
 ===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector===== ===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector=====
  
 Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations. Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations.
-The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Rösemann et al. (2021)). +The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Vos et al., 2022). 
-Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see  Rösemann et al. 2021, Chapter 3.5.2).+Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see  Vos et al. 2022, Chapter 3.5.2).
  
-A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2020 and by plausibility checks.+A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2021 and by plausibility checks.
  
-Once emission calculations with the German inventory model GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by GAS-EM.+Once emission calculations with the German inventory model Py-GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by Py-GAS-EM.
  
 Model data have been verified in the context of a project by external experts (Zsolt Lengyel, Verico SCE). Results show that input data are consistent with other data sources (Eurostat, Statistisches Bundesamt / Federal Statistical Office) and that the performed calculations are consistently and correctly applied in line with the methodological requirements. Model data have been verified in the context of a project by external experts (Zsolt Lengyel, Verico SCE). Results show that input data are consistent with other data sources (Eurostat, Statistisches Bundesamt / Federal Statistical Office) and that the performed calculations are consistently and correctly applied in line with the methodological requirements.
  
-Furthermore, in addition to UNFCCC, UNECE and NEC reviews, the GAS-EM model is continuously validated by experts of KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and the EAGER group (European Agricultural Gaseous Emissions Inventory Researchers Network).+Furthermore, in addition to UNFCCC, UNECE and NEC reviews, the Py-GAS-EM model is continuously validated by experts of KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and the EAGER group (European Agricultural Gaseous Emissions Inventory Researchers Network).