1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO

Short description

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.a.i.(i) T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
NOx NMVOC SO2 NHx PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO PB Cd Hg Diox PAH HCB
Key Category: -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- - -/- -

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T = key source by Trend L = key source by Level

Methods
D Default
RA Reference Approach
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.
AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific data
AS Associations, business organisations
Q specific questionnaires, surveys
EF - Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C Confidential
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific data


Methodology

Actitvity Data

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Jet Kerosene 8.17 7.80 8.19 8.00 7.97 7.95 7.91 7.86 7.90 7.81 7.92 7.98 7.98 8.09 8.11 8.13 8.18 8.24 7.88
Aviation Gasoline 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.39 3.45 3.38 3.47 3.56 3.43 3.47 3.46 3.78 3.53 6.19 6.16 6.71 6.89 7.35

source: Knörr et al. (2021c) 1) &: Gores (2021) 2)

Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Jet Kerosene 13,252 16,012 21,465 24,860 26,063 26,992 27,184 26,249 26,115 24,796 27,036 27,726 26,778 27,115 29,304 32,205 33,340 33,309 14,645
Aviation Gasoline 17.1 7.41 7.83 5.29 5.13 4.91 4.82 4.52 4.58 3.75 3.51 3.10 2.98 3.61 2.38 2.39 2.32 1.73 0.96
13,269 16,019 21,473 24,865 26,068 26,997 27,189 26,253 26,120 24,800 27,039 27,729 26,781 27,119 29,306 32,208 33,342 33,311 14,646

source: Knörr et al. (2021c) 3) &: Gores (2021) 4)

Annual energy input: kerosene Annual energy input: aviation gasoline

Emission factors

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) 5) and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV 6).

For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
JET KEROSENE
NH3 3.98 3.95 3.95 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97
NMVOC 59.7 36.1 25.7 22.9 22.9 22.5 22.0 21.2 21.2 20.8 20.5 20.3 19.9 20.5 20.2 20.8 21.4 19.4 19.2
NOx 297 306 303 324 325 330 331 338 342 345 346 349 353 352 357 358 355 358 368
SOx 19.7 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6
BC1 1.78 1.63 1.45 1.37 1.33 1.28 1.25 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.08
PM2 3.71 3.40 3.02 2.86 2.76 2.66 2.60 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.33 2.25 2.26
CO 249 227 236 219 217 211 209 203 203 199 199 197 194 196 192 192 195 187 185
AVIATION GASOLINE
NH3 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
NMVOC 459 484 466 469 455 456 460 475 470 521 514 515 521 514 495 494 528 547 540
NOx 73.1 68.7 71.7 71.7 73.6 71.5 70.6 66.4 66.1 56.0 55.9 57.6 60.1 55.9 53.7 53.3 52.5 55.7 53.5
SOx 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
BC1 9.05 9.59 9.33 9.59 9.21 9.48 9.44 10.2 10.3 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.4 11.3 11.3 11.0 11.9 11.2 11.5
PM2 60.3 64.0 62.2 64.0 61.4 63.2 63.0 67.8 68.6 73.5 73.4 72.7 69.2 75.5 75.6 73.4 79.1 74.8 76.6
TSP3 75.5 79.1 77.4 79.1 76.6 78.4 78.1 83.0 83.8 88.7 88.5 87.9 84.3 90.7 90.8 88.5 94.3 89.9 91.8
CO 20,188 20,764 20,440 20,152 20,057 20,400 20,612 21,105 21,199 22,662 22,769 22,422 22,168 22,650 23,205 23,427 23,210 22,875 23,285

1 estimated via a f-BCs (avgas: 0.15, jet kerosene: 0.48) as provided in 7)
2 EF(PM,,2.5,,) also applied for PM,,10,, and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM,,2.5,,)
3 also including TSP from lead: EF(TSP) = 1.6 x EF(Pb) - see road transport

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

NFR 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation - LTO is no key category.

Recalculations

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…

Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene and avgas consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
JET KEROSENE
Submission 2022 8.17 7.80 8.19 8.00 7.97 7.95 7.91 7.86 7.90 7.81 7.92 7.98 7.98 8.09 8.11 8.13 8.18 8.24
Submission 2021 8.17 7.80 8.19 8.00 7.97 7.95 7.91 7.86 7.90 7.81 7.92 7.98 7.98 8.09 8.11 8.13 8.18 8.15
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.14%
AVGAS
Submission 2022 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.39 3.45 3.38 3.47 3.56 3.43 3.47 3.46 3.78 3.53 6.19 6.16 6.71 6.89
Submission 2021 5.24 11.8 11.1 19.1 20.5 23.2 20.4 20.2 19.8 17.3 19.1 22.2 26.3 20.8 42.2 43.7 51.4 61.6
absolute change -1.89 -8.44 -7.62 -15.7 -17.1 -19.8 -17.0 -16.7 -16.2 -13.9 -15.7 -18.8 -22.5 -17.3 -36.0 -37.5 -44.7 -54.8
relative change -36.1% -71.3% -68.9% -82.0% -83.5% -85.1% -83.4% -82.8% -82.0% -80.2% -81.9% -84.4% -85.6% -83.0% -85.3% -85.9% -87.0% -88.8%

… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

Table 4: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
JET KEROSENE
Submission 2022 13,252 16,012 21,465 24,860 26,063 26,992 27,184 26,249 26,115 24,796 27,036 27,726 26,778 27,115 29,304 32,205 33,340 33,309
Submission 2021 13,252 16,012 21,465 24,860 26,063 26,992 27,184 26,249 26,115 24,796 27,036 27,726 26,778 27,115 29,304 32,205 33,340 32,948
absolute change 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 361
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.10%
AVGAS
Submission 2022 17.1 7.41 7.83 5.29 5.13 4.91 4.82 4.52 4.58 3.75 3.51 3.10 2.98 3.61 2.38 2.39 2.32 1.73
Submission 2021 25.7 21.6 21.5 21.7 22.5 23.2 21.1 19.2 19.0 14.3 14.3 13.9 14.2 15.3 11.8 12.5 12.8 10.5
absolute change -8.55 -14.2 -13.7 -16.4 -17.3 -18.3 -16.3 -14.7 -14.4 -10.5 -10.8 -10.8 -11.2 -11.7 -9.46 -10.1 -10.5 -8.79
relative change -33.3% -65.7% -63.7% -75.6% -77.2% -78.8% -77.2% -76.4% -75.8% -73.8% -75.4% -77.7% -79.0% -76.5% -79.9% -81.0% -81.9% -83.5%

In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model, taking into account the development of fleet composition and engine technology but cannot be displayed here in a proper way.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

For uncertainties information, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

Planned improvements

For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

FAQs


1), 3), 6) Knörr et al. (2021c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2021.
2), 4) Gores (2021): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2020, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2021.
5) Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.
7) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.