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sector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2022/02/03 11:19] – [Table] boettchersector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2022/09/15 12:49] (current) – [References] Fix link hausmann
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 | 1.B.2.a.v      |  T2                  |||||  AS              |||||  CS              ||||| | 1.B.2.a.v      |  T2                  |||||  AS              |||||  CS              |||||
  
-^  Key Category  ^  SO₂     ^  NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO   ^  BC   ^  Pb   ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  ^ +^  Key Category  ^  NOx  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO2  ^  NH3  ^  PM2_5  ^  PM10  ^  TSP  ^  BC  ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ 
-| 1.B.2.a.i       |  -          |  -    |  -    |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -      +| 1.B.2.a.i      |  -    |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -      |  -     |  -    |  -   |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -     |  -    |  -    
-| 1.B.2.a.iv       -/-        |  -/-  |  -    |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -          +| 1.B.2.a.iv     |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -    |  -      |  -     |  -    |  -   |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -         -    
-| 1.B.2.a.v       |  -          |  -    |  -    |  -/T       |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -      |+| 1.B.2.a.v      |  -    |  -/T     -    |  -    |  -      |  -     |  -    |  -   |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -     |  -    |  -    |
  
 . .
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 Emissions from exploration consist of emissions from activities of drilling companies and other actors in the exploration sector. Gas and oil exploration takes place in Germany. According to the BVEG (former WEG) [(WEG2008)], virtually no fugitive emissions occur in connection with drilling operations, since relevant measurements are regularly carried out at well sites (with use of methane sensors in wellhead-protection structures, ultrasound measurements and annulus manometers) and old / decommissioned wells are backfilled and normally covered with concrete caps.  Emissions from exploration consist of emissions from activities of drilling companies and other actors in the exploration sector. Gas and oil exploration takes place in Germany. According to the BVEG (former WEG) [(WEG2008)], virtually no fugitive emissions occur in connection with drilling operations, since relevant measurements are regularly carried out at well sites (with use of methane sensors in wellhead-protection structures, ultrasound measurements and annulus manometers) and old / decommissioned wells are backfilled and normally covered with concrete caps. 
  
-Activity data            ^ Unit  ^  1990    ^  1995      2000    ^  2005    ^  2010    ^  2015    ^  2019    ^  2020   ^ +__Table 1: Activity data applied for emissions from oil exploration__  
-| number of wells          |  No.  |  12      |  17        15      |  23      |  16      |  18      |  26      |  12     | +                         ^  Unit  ^  1990    ^  1995      2000    ^  2005    ^  2010    ^  2015    ^  2019    ^  2020   ^ 
-| total of drilling meter  |  m    |  50,140  |  109,187  |  41,378  |  63,994  |  51,411  |  32,773  |  43,416  |  6,220  |+| number of wells          |  No.   |  12      |  17        15      |  23      |  16      |  18      |  26      |  12     | 
 +| total of drilling meter  |  m     |  50,140  |  109,187  |  41,378  |  63,994  |  51,411  |  32,773  |  43,416  |  6,220  |
  
  
 Since pertinent measurements are not available for the individual wells involved, a conservative approach is used whereby VOC emissions for wells are calculated on the basis of the share ratio of VOC = 9 NMVOC : 1 CH4, using the default methane factor of the IPCC Guidelines 2006 [(IPCC2006)]. Since pertinent measurements are not available for the individual wells involved, a conservative approach is used whereby VOC emissions for wells are calculated on the basis of the share ratio of VOC = 9 NMVOC : 1 CH4, using the default methane factor of the IPCC Guidelines 2006 [(IPCC2006)].
  
-^ Source of emission factor  Substance  ^ Unit    ^ Value  ^ +__Table 2: NMVOC emission factor applied for emissions from oil exploration, in [kg/No.]__  
-| exploration                |  NMVOC      kg/No  |  576   |+^  Value  ^ 
 +|  576    |
  
 Emissions from extraction (crude oil) and first treatment of raw materials (petroleum) in the petroleum industry are included in 1.B.2.a.i as well. Because Germany's oil fields are old, oil production in Germany is highly energy-intensive (thermal extraction, operation of pumps to inject water into oil-bearing layers). The first treatment that extracted petroleum (crude oil) undergoes in processing facilities serves the purpose of removing gases, water and salt from the oil. Crude oil in the form present at wellheads contains impurities, gases and water and thus, does not conform to requirements for safe, easy transport in pipelines. No substance transformations take place. Impurities – especially gases (petroleum gas), salts and water – are removed in order to yield crude oil of suitable quality for transport in pipelines. Emissions from extraction (crude oil) and first treatment of raw materials (petroleum) in the petroleum industry are included in 1.B.2.a.i as well. Because Germany's oil fields are old, oil production in Germany is highly energy-intensive (thermal extraction, operation of pumps to inject water into oil-bearing layers). The first treatment that extracted petroleum (crude oil) undergoes in processing facilities serves the purpose of removing gases, water and salt from the oil. Crude oil in the form present at wellheads contains impurities, gases and water and thus, does not conform to requirements for safe, easy transport in pipelines. No substance transformations take place. Impurities – especially gases (petroleum gas), salts and water – are removed in order to yield crude oil of suitable quality for transport in pipelines.
  
-^ Activity Data  ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2019  ^  2020  +__Table 3: Annual amounts of oil produced, in [kt]__  
-| oil produced    kt    |  3,606 |  2,959 |  3,123 |  3,573 |  2,516 |  2,414 |  1,927 |  1,907 |+^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2019   ^  2020   
 +|  3,606  |  2,959  |  3,123  |  3,573  |  2,516  |  2,414  |  1,927  |  1,907  |
  
  
 The emissions from production and processing are measured or calculated by the operators, and the pertinent data is published in the annual reports of the Federal association of the natural gas, oil and geothermal energy industries (BVEG) [(BVEG)]. The emission factors are determined from the reported emissions and the activity data. The emissions from production and processing are measured or calculated by the operators, and the pertinent data is published in the annual reports of the Federal association of the natural gas, oil and geothermal energy industries (BVEG) [(BVEG)]. The emission factors are determined from the reported emissions and the activity data.
  
-^ Source of emission factor   Substance  ^  Unit   ^  Value  ^ +__Table 4: NMVOC emission factor applied for emissions from oil exploration, in [kg/m³]__ 
-| Crude oil production        NMVOC      |  kg/m³  |  0.015  |+^  Value  ^ 
 +|  0.015  |
  
 Transport emissions are tied to activities of logistics companies and of pipeline operators and pipeline networks. After the first treatment, crude oil is transported to refineries. Almost all transport of crude oil takes place via pipelines. Pipelines are stationary and, normally, run underground. In contrast to other types of transport, petroleum transport is not interrupted by handling processes. Transport emissions are tied to activities of logistics companies and of pipeline operators and pipeline networks. After the first treatment, crude oil is transported to refineries. Almost all transport of crude oil takes place via pipelines. Pipelines are stationary and, normally, run underground. In contrast to other types of transport, petroleum transport is not interrupted by handling processes.
  
- +__Table 5: Activity data applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kt]__  
-activity data                                  unit  ^  1990    1995    2000    2005    2010    2015   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^ +Activity                                ^  1990    1995    2000    2005    2010    2015   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^ 
-| Transport of domestically produced crude oil  |  kt    |   3,660 |   2,940 |   3,123 |   3,572 |   2,516 |   2,414 |   2,070 |   1,927 +| Transport of domestically produced crude oil  |   3,660 |   2,940 |   3,123 |   3,572 |   2,516 |   2,414 |   1,927 |   1,907 
-| Transport of imported crude oil               |  kt    |  84,043 |  86,063 |  89,280 |  97,474 |  93,270 |  91,275 |  85,205 |  85,991 +| Transport of imported crude oil                84,043 |  86,063 |  89,280 |  97,474 |  93,270 |  91,275 |  85,991 |  83,049 
-| Transport via inland-waterway tankers         |  kt    |      89 |      67 |     112 |     176 |       6 |      43 |      38 |      47 |+| Transport via inland-waterway tankers              89 |      67 |     112 |     176 |       6 |      43 |      47 |      46 |
  
  
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 The emission factor covers the areas of transfer / injection into pipelines at pumping stations, all infrastructure along pipelines (connections, control units, measuring devices), and transfer at refineries, and it has been determined on the basis of conservative assumptions. For imported quantities, only one transfer point (the withdrawal station) is assumed, since the station for input into the pipeline network does not lie on Germany's national territory.  The emission factor covers the areas of transfer / injection into pipelines at pumping stations, all infrastructure along pipelines (connections, control units, measuring devices), and transfer at refineries, and it has been determined on the basis of conservative assumptions. For imported quantities, only one transfer point (the withdrawal station) is assumed, since the station for input into the pipeline network does not lie on Germany's national territory. 
    
- +__Table 6: NMVOC emission factor applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kg/t]__  
-^ Source of emission factor                      Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value  ^ +Activity                    ^ Value  ^ 
-| Transports of domestically produced crude oil   NMVOC      kg/t  | 0.13   | +| Transports of domestically produced crude oil  | 0.13   | 
-| Transports of imported crude oil               |  NMVOC      kg/t  | 0.064  | +| Transports of imported crude oil              | 0.064  | 
-| Transports via inland-waterway tankers         |  NMVOC      kg/t  | 0.34   |+| Transports via inland-waterway tankers        | 0.34   |
  
  
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 Tanks are emptied and cleaned routinely before tank inspections and repairs. In tank cleaning, a distinction is made between crude-oil tanks and product tanks. Because sediments accumulate in crude oil tanks, cleaning these tanks, in comparison to cleaning product tanks, is a considerably more laborious process. The substances in product tanks produce no sediments and thus are cleaned only when the products they contain are changed. In keeping with an assessment of Müller-BBM (2010)[(MBBM2010)], the emission factors for storage of crude oil and of petroleum products may be assumed to take the cleaning processes into account. Tanks are emptied and cleaned routinely before tank inspections and repairs. In tank cleaning, a distinction is made between crude-oil tanks and product tanks. Because sediments accumulate in crude oil tanks, cleaning these tanks, in comparison to cleaning product tanks, is a considerably more laborious process. The substances in product tanks produce no sediments and thus are cleaned only when the products they contain are changed. In keeping with an assessment of Müller-BBM (2010)[(MBBM2010)], the emission factors for storage of crude oil and of petroleum products may be assumed to take the cleaning processes into account.
  
-^ activity data                                                      ^  unit      1990      1995      2000      2005      2010      2015     ^  2018     ^  2019     ^ +__Table 8: Activity data applied for emissions from oil refinement and storage__  
-| Quantity of crude oil refined                                      |  kt        107,058  |  96,475    107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378    93,391    87,676   |  87,000   |+^ Activity                                                     ^  unit      1990      1995      2000      2005      2010      2015     ^  2019     ^  2020     ^ 
 +| Quantity of crude oil refined                                      |  kt        107,058  |  96,475    107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378    93,391    87,013   |  83,990   |
 | Capacity utilisation in refineries                                  %        |  106      |  92        95        99        81        91        85        85       | | Capacity utilisation in refineries                                  %        |  106      |  92        95        99        81        91        85        85       |
-| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                          |  kt        100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  102,655  |  102,700  | +| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                          |  kt        100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  102,655  |  105,655  | 
-| Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals          Mill m³  |  27,1      28,4      24,9      24        22,5      22        20,    |  20,7     | +| Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals          Mill m³  |  27,1      28,4      24,9      24        22,5      22        20,    |  20,7     | 
-| Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  Mill m³  |  15,4      15,9      18,1      17        15,9      15,3      15,    |  15,    | +| Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  Mill m³  |  15,4      15,9      18,1      17        15,9      15,3      15,    |  15,    | 
-| Storage capacity of caverns                                        |  Mill m³  |  26,6      25,3      27,9      27,2      27,2      25,5     |  25,    |  26,    |+| Storage capacity of caverns                                        |  Mill m³  |  26,6      25,3      27,9      27,2      27,2      25,5     |  26,    |  25,    |
  
 **Processing** **Processing**
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 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:oil:raffinerie.jpg?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:oil:raffinerie.jpg?nolink&400|}}
  
-Source of emission factor                                                               ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^+__Table 9: Emission factors applied for emissions from oil refinement and storage__  
 +Activity                                                               ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^
 | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NMVOC      kg/t  |  0.0072    | | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NMVOC      kg/t  |  0.0072    |
 | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NOₓ        kg/t  |  0.00602   | | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NOₓ        kg/t  |  0.00602   |
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 <WRAP center round info 80%> <WRAP center round info 80%>
-Emissions from storage currently consider all refinery products. It is planed to split those emissions into fuel-related and chemical-product-related emissions. While fuel-related will still be reported under 1.B.2 emissions other then fuels (like naphtha, methanol etc.) will be reported under [[sector:ippu:chemical_industry:storage_handling_transport_chemicals:start|2.B.10.b - Storage, Handling and Transport of Chemical Products]] in submission 2022.+Emissions from storage consider all refinery products. According to the EMEP guidebook, fuel-related emissions are reported under 1.B.2. Emissions other than fuels (like naphtha, methanol etc.) are reported under [[sector:ippu:chemical_industry:storage_handling_transport_chemicals:start|2.B.10.b - Storage, Handling and Transport of Chemical Products]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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 In this category, petroleum products that have undergone fractional distillation in refineries are handled and distributed, i.e. processes in which gaseous products are separated out. For this reason, no significant methane emissions are expected. Only in storage of certain petroleum products can small quantities of methane escape.  In this category, petroleum products that have undergone fractional distillation in refineries are handled and distributed, i.e. processes in which gaseous products are separated out. For this reason, no significant methane emissions are expected. Only in storage of certain petroleum products can small quantities of methane escape. 
    
- +__Table 10: Annual activity data for the distribution of oil products__  
-activity data                      ^  Unit  ^  1990    1995    2000    2005    2010    2015   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^ +^ Activity                           ^  Unit  ^  1990    1995    2000    2005    2010    2015   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^ 
-| number of petrol stations          |  No    |  19,317 |  17,957 |  16,324 |  15,187 |  14,744 |  14,531 |  14,459 |  14,449 +| number of petrol stations          |  No    |  19,317 |  17,957 |  16,324 |  15,187 |  14,744 |  14,531 |  14,449 |  14,459 
-| distribution of diesel              kt    |  21,817 |  26,208 |  28,922 |  28,531 |  32,128 |  36,756 |  37,475 |  37,848 +| distribution of diesel              kt    |  21,817 |  26,208 |  28,922 |  28,531 |  32,128 |  36,756 |  37,848 |  35,163 
-| distribution of jet fuel            kt    |   4,584 |   5,455 |   6,939 |   8,049 |   8,465 |   8,550 |  10,239 |  10,239 +| distribution of jet fuel            kt    |   4,584 |   5,455 |   6,939 |   8,049 |   8,465 |   8,550 |  10,239 |   4,725 
-| distribution of light heating oil  |  kt    |  31,803 |  34,785 |  27,875 |  25,380 |  21,005 |  16,127 |  13,256 |  15,061 +| distribution of light heating oil  |  kt    |  31,803 |  34,785 |  27,875 |  25,380 |  21,005 |  16,127 |  15,061 |  15,558 
-| distribution of domestic petrol    |  kt    |  31,257 |  30,333 |  28,833 |  23,431 |  19,634 |  18,226 |  17,837 |  17,966 |+| distribution of domestic petrol    |  kt    |  31,257 |  30,333 |  28,833 |  23,431 |  19,634 |  18,226 |  17,966 |  16,218 |
  
  
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-Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study [(Theloke2013)]. +Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study [(THELOKE2013)]. 
  
 ^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ Emission factor [kg/t]  ^ ^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ Emission factor [kg/t]  ^
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
-Emissions from storage of refinery products will be divided up to fuels (under 1.B) and chemical products (2.B) - please see info box under 1.B.2.a.iv.+No further improvements are planned.
 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
  
  
 [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )] [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )]
-[(BVEG>BVEG (2019). Annual report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Die E&P-Industrie in Zahlen. Statisticher Bericht 2019: Zahlen”. [[https://www.bveg.de/content/download/13460/154828/file/BVEG%20Statistischer%20Bericht%202019.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )] +[(BVEG>BVEG (2019). Annual report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Die E&P-Industrie in Zahlen. Statisticher Bericht 2019: Zahlen”. [[https://www.bveg.de/der-verband/publikationen/statistischer-jahresbericht-2019/|External Link]] )] 
-[(WEG2008>WEG (2008). Report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Erdgas – Erdöl. Entstehung-Suche-Förderung", Hannover, 34 S. [[https://www.bveg.de/content/download/1990/11317/file/Erdgas%20Erd%C3%B6l%20Entstehung%20Suche%20F%C3%B6rderung.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )]+[(WEG2008>WEG (2008). Report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Erdgas – Erdöl. Entstehung-Suche-Förderung", Hannover, 34 S. [[https://www.bveg.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BVEG-Leitfaden-Bohrungsintegritaet_Technische-Regel.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )]
 [(IPCC2006>IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/|External Link]] )] [(IPCC2006>IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/|External Link]] )]
 [(THELOKE2013>Theloke, J., Kampffmeyer, T., Kugler, U., Friedrich, R., Schilling, S., Wolf, L., & Springwald, T. (2013). Ermittlung von Emissionsfaktoren und Aktivitätsraten im Bereich IPCC (1996) 1.B.2.a. i-vi - Diffuse Emissionen aus Mineralöl und Mineralölprodukten (Förderkennzeichen 360 16 033). Stuttgart. )] [(THELOKE2013>Theloke, J., Kampffmeyer, T., Kugler, U., Friedrich, R., Schilling, S., Wolf, L., & Springwald, T. (2013). Ermittlung von Emissionsfaktoren und Aktivitätsraten im Bereich IPCC (1996) 1.B.2.a. i-vi - Diffuse Emissionen aus Mineralöl und Mineralölprodukten (Förderkennzeichen 360 16 033). Stuttgart. )]
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