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sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2021/03/17 13:32] – Fixed title levels: accessibility demands no empty levels 6 to 5 instead of 6 to 4 gniffkesector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2022/09/27 08:43] (current) – [References] tarakji
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 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}}
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                ||||^  AD                             ||||^  EF                                  ||||| +^ Category Code  ^  Method                                  ||||^  AD                               ||||^  EF                               ||||| 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                 |||||  AS                             |||||  CS                                  ||||| +| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                   |||||  AS                               |||||  CS                               ||||| 
-| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                |||||  AS                             |||||  CS                                  ||||| +| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                  |||||  AS                               |||||  CS                               ||||| 
-^  Key Category  ^  SO₂     ^  NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO    BC   ^  Pb  ^  Hg  ^  Cd  ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  ^ +^  Key Category  ^  NOx     ^  NMVOC  ^  SO2  ^  NH3  ^  PM2_5  ^  PM10  ^  TSP  ^  BC    CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  -        -    |  -    |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-    | +| 1.B.1.a        |  -       |  -/-    |  -    |  -    |  -/-    |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    | 
-| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-      -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -    -    -/-   |  L/T     |  L/T  |  -/-    -/-    |+| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-     |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-   |  L/T   -/-  |  -/-  |  -    -    -/-  |  -/-   |  L/T  |  -    | 
 + 
 +
 + 
 +{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} 
 + 
 +.
  
 The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only. The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.
  
 <WRAP center round box 80%> <WRAP center round box 80%>
-Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under 2.L(a) - "Handling of Bulk Products"+Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under  [[sector:ippu:bulk_products:handling_of_bulk_products:start|2.L(a) - Handling of Bulk Products]]"
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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 The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. They are taken from a 2006 research project [(UBA2007)] and the CEPMEIP-Database [(CEPMEIP)]. The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. They are taken from a 2006 research project [(UBA2007)] and the CEPMEIP-Database [(CEPMEIP)].
  
-^ Activity data          ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ +__Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__ 
-Extraction of lignite  |  Mt    |    357 |    193 |    168 |    178 |    169 |    178 |    166 |    131 |+^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^ 
 +|  357    193    168    178    169    178    131   |  107   |
  
-Source of emission factor  ^  Substance  ^  Unit   Value   ^ +__Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__ 
-| Extraction of lignite      |  TSP        |  kg/t  | 0.05086 +^  Pollutant   Value   ^ 
-| Extraction of lignite      |  PM₁₀       |  kg/t  | 0.025    | +|  TSP        | 0.05086 
-| Extraction of lignite      |  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  | 0.00375  |+|  PM₁₀       | 0.025    | 
 +|  PM₂.₅      | 0.00375  |
  
 ===== Lignite coke production ===== ===== Lignite coke production =====
  
-^ Activity data          ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ +__Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__ 
-production of lignite coke  |  Mt    |    3.3 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.2 |    0.|+^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^ 
 +|  3.3    0.2    0.2    0.2    0.2    0.2    0.2    0.1   |
  
 Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] . Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] .
  
-Source of emission factor  ^  Substance   Unit  ^  Value   +__Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__ 
-| production of lignite coke     |  TSP        |  kg/t  | 0.1  +^  Pollutant   Unit  ^  Value  
-| production of lignite coke     |  PM₁₀        kg/t  | 0.048    +|  TSP        |  kg/t  |  0.1    
-| production of lignite coke     |  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  | 0.013  | +|  PM₁₀        kg/t  |  0.048  
-| production of lignite coke     |  PAH      |  mg/t  | 55  +|  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  |  0.013  | 
-| production of lignite coke     |  PCDD/     |  µg/t  | 0.03  |+|  PAH        |  mg/t  |  55     
 +|  PCDD/    |  µg/t  |  0.03   |
  
 ===== Hard coal coke production ===== ===== Hard coal coke production =====
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 The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [9].  The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [9]. 
  
-^ Activity data          ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ +__Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__ 
-production of hard coal coke  |  Mt    |    18.5 |    11.1 |    9.1 |    8.4 |    8.2 |    8.8 |    9.   7.|+^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^ 
 +|  18.5   11.1   9.1    8.4    8.2    8.8    8.8    7.9   |
  
  
 The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)]. The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)].
  
-^ Source                        ^  Substance   Unit  ^  Value    +__Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__ 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  CO          kg/t  | 0.015     | +^  Pollutant   Unit  ^  Value     
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  NH₃        |  kg/t  | 0.000243 +|  CO          kg/t  |  0.015     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  NMVOC      |  kg/t  | 0.096     | +|  NH₃        |  kg/t  |  0.000243 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  SO₂        |  kg/t  | 0.004     | +|  NMVOC      |  kg/t  |  0.096     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  TSP        |  kg/t  | 0.011     | +|  SO₂        |  kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  PM₁₀        kg/t  | 0.004     | +|  TSP        |  kg/t  |  0.011     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  | 0.004     | +|  PM₁₀        kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  PAH        |  mg/t  | 55     +|  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-| Production of hard-coal coke  |  PCDD/       |  µg/t  | 0.0015     |+|  PAH        |  mg/t  |  55        
 +|  PCDD/    |  µg/t  |  0.0015    |
  
 There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)]. There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)].
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 <WRAP center round box 50%> <WRAP center round box 50%>
-Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under 2.G.4. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b.+Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under [[sector:ippu:other_product_use:charcoal:start|2.G. - Use of Charcoal for barbecues]]. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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 The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project "Potential for release and utilisation of mine gas" ("Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas") [(MEINERS2014)]. The relevant calculations were carried out for all mining-relevant deposits in Germany. The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project "Potential for release and utilisation of mine gas" ("Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas") [(MEINERS2014)]. The relevant calculations were carried out for all mining-relevant deposits in Germany.
  
-^ Source of emission factor       ^  Substance  ^  unit    Value    ^ +__Table 7: NMVOC emission factor for decommissioned hard-coal mines, in [kg/m³]__ 
-decommissioned hard-coal mines   NMVOC      |  kg/m³  | 0.001599  |+ EF        ^ 
 + 0.001599  |
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-will be published later - in meantime please refer to chapter 8."recalculations"+Please refer to overarching chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]]
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
-Currently no improvements are planned+New studies show a lower PM<sub>10</sub> emission factor for open pit mining. Those studies will be evaluated and implemented in next submission.
  
 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
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 [(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )] [(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )]
 [(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )] [(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]
-[(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas. Mokany, K., Raison, R., & Prokushkin, A. S. (2006): Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology, 12(1), 84-96. )] +[(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)] 
-[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft2019[[https://www.kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )]+[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019[[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )]