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sector:natural_sources:forest_fires:start [2021/01/25 15:10] doeringsector:natural_sources:forest_fires:start [2023/05/04 06:12] (current) – [Table] kotzulla
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 |  CS, T2, T1  |  CS  |  D    //not included in key category analysis//  | |  CS, T2, T1  |  CS  |  D    //not included in key category analysis//  |
  
-Category //11.B – Forest fires// include emissions from forest fires occurring naturally or caused by humans.+<hidden>
  
-In Germany’s forests prescribed burning is not applied. Therefore, all forest fires are categorized as wildfires. Note that emissions reported here are not accounted for the national totals.+---- 
 +Legend 
 +T = key source by Trend / L = key source by Level
  
 +----
  
-===== Methodology =====+//Methods//  
 +D: Default 
 +RA: Reference Approach 
 +T1: Tier 1 / Simple Methodology 
 +T2: Tier 2* 
 +T3: Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology * 
 +C: CORINAIR 
 +CS: Country Specific 
 +M: Model 
 +as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in the group specific chapters.
  
-For calculating the emissions of wildfires a country specific Tier2 approach was used. The mass of carbon emitted M(C) was calculated using the adapted equation follows the methodology of Seiler and Crutzen (1980) ((Seiler, W.Crutzen P.J.Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning. Climate Change. 1980)). +---- 
 + 
 +//AD:- Data Source for Activity Data // 
 +NS: National Statistics 
 +RS: Regional Statistics 
 +IS: International Statistics 
 +PS: Plant Specific data 
 +AS: Associations, business organisations 
 +Q: specific questionnaires, surveys 
 + 
 +---- 
 + 
 +//EF - Emission Factors//  
 +D: Default (EMEP Guidebook) 
 +C: Confidential 
 +CS: Country Specific 
 +PS: Plant Specific data</hidden> 
 + 
 +---- 
 + 
 +====== Country specifics ====== 
 + 
 + 
 +===== Category 11.B – Forest fires ===== 
 + 
 +In Germany’s forests prescribed burning is not applied. Therefore, all forest fires are categorized as wildfires (include emissions from forest fires occurring naturally or caused by humans). - Note that emissions reported here are not accounted for the national totals. 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Methodology ==== 
 + 
 +For calculating the emissions of wildfires a country specific Tier2 approach was used. The mass of carbon emitted M(C) was calculated using the adapted equation follows the methodology of Seiler and Crutzen (1980) ((Seiler, Wolfgangand Paul J. Crutzen. "Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning." Climatic change 2.3 (1980): 207-247.)). 
  
 {{ :sector:natural_sources:forest_fire.png?nolink&400}} {{ :sector:natural_sources:forest_fire.png?nolink&400}}
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 β = burning efficiency (fraction burnt) of the above-ground biomass. β = burning efficiency (fraction burnt) of the above-ground biomass.
  
-The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2018 have been taken from the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2020) ((BLE (Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung), 2020: Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für das Jahr 2019, Bonn: 21 S.)) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. The mean above-ground biomass was derived for each year by linear extrapolation and interpolation between the+The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2020 have been taken from the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2021)((BLE (Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung), (2021, 28. Juni), 2021: Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für das Jahr 2020, Bonn: 21 p. Retrieved July 2021, https://www.ble.de/DE/BZL/Daten-Berichte/Wald/wald_node.html)) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. The mean above-ground biomass was derived for each year by linear extrapolation and interpolation between the 
      * German National Forest Inventorys of 1987, 2002, 2012 (Bundeswaldinventuren 1987, 2002, 2012),       * German National Forest Inventorys of 1987, 2002, 2012 (Bundeswaldinventuren 1987, 2002, 2012), 
-     the inventory study 2008 (([https://www.thuenen.de/en/wo/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/inventory-study-2008/ Inventurstudie 2008])) and, +     [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/inventory-study-2008|the inventory study 2008]and, 
-  the carbon inventory 2017 (Kohlenstoffinventur 2017)(([https://www.thuenen.de/en/wo/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017))+     [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017|the carbon inventory 2017]]
    
 Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires.  Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires. 
  
-The emissions for the pollutants were calculated by multiplying the mass of carbon with the respective emission factors from table 3-3 (EMEP/EEA, 2019)((EMEP/EEA, 2019: [*https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/11-natural-sources/11-b-forest-fires/view])).+The emissions for the pollutants were calculated by multiplying the mass of carbon with the respective emission factors from table 3-3 (EMEP/EEA, 2019)((EMEP/EEA, 2019: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/11-natural-sources/11-b-forest-fires/view)).
  
 For the calculation of particulate emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) the burnt biomass was multiplied with the respective emission factors from table 3-5 (EMEP/EEA, 2019). Those particulate emission factors have been estimated by averaging the emission factors from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996) ((USEPA, 1996: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Vol.1. Stationary, Point and Area Sources. Report AP-42, fifth edition)) methodology, since no better information is available. Those emission factors are assumed to be the same for all types of forest.  For the calculation of particulate emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) the burnt biomass was multiplied with the respective emission factors from table 3-5 (EMEP/EEA, 2019). Those particulate emission factors have been estimated by averaging the emission factors from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996) ((USEPA, 1996: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Vol.1. Stationary, Point and Area Sources. Report AP-42, fifth edition)) methodology, since no better information is available. Those emission factors are assumed to be the same for all types of forest. 
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 The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without).
  
-As a first estimate black carbon emissions are reported the first time. +==== Activity data ===
- + 
-=== Activity data ===+
  
-The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2019 are based on the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2020) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food.+The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2020 are based on the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2021) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food.
  
 __Table 1: Area of forest burnt from 1990 until the latest reporting year, in [ha]__ __Table 1: Area of forest burnt from 1990 until the latest reporting year, in [ha]__
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-^                       ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^  2000  ^ +^  1990   ^  1991  ^  1992   ^  1993   ^  1994   ^  1995  ^  1996   ^  1997  ^  1998   ^  1999   ^ 
-Area of forest burnt    1606 |    920 |   4908 |   1493 |   1114 |    592 |   1381 |    599 |    397 |    415 |    581 |+ 1,606  |  920    4,908  |  1,493  |  1,114  |  592    1,381  |  599    397    |  415    | 
 +^  2000   ^  2001  ^  2002    2003    2004    2005  ^  2006    2007  ^  2008    2009   
 +|  581     122   |  122     1,315  |  274    |  183   |  482    |  256   |  539    |  757    | 
 +^  2010   ^  2011  ^  2012    2013    2014    2015  ^  2016    2017  ^  2018    2019   ^ 
 + 522     214   |  269     199     120     526    283    |  395    2,349  |  2,711  | 
 +^  2020          |                                |                |                 | 
 +|  368    |        |                                |                |                 |
  
  
  
-^                        2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^ +==== Emission factors ====
-| Area of forest burnt  |    122 |    122 |   1315 |    274 |    183 |    482 |    256 |    539 |    757 |    522 |    214 |+
  
 +For the year 2020 the following estimated emission factors were applied:
  
-                      ^  2012  ^  2013   2014   2015   2016   2017   2018  ^  2019  ^          +__Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2020, in [kg/ha forest area burnt]__ 
-Area of forest burnt     269    199    120    526    283    395   2349   2711 |   +                   ^  EF<sub>2020</sub>  ^ 
 + NO<sub>x</sub>    |  125.96             | 
 + CO                |  4,492.47           | 
 + NMVOC              396.8              | 
 + SO<sub>x</sub>    |  30.23              | 
 + NH<sub>3</sub>    |  34.01              | 
 + TSP                713.76             | 
 +|  PM<sub>10</sub>    461.84             | 
 + PM<sub>2.5</sub>   377.87             | 
 + BC                 34.01              |
  
 +In addition, a large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under 11.B. A detailed description can be found in the NIR
 +2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released.
  
 +The burned area of the drained moor, which is used as a military facility, covered 1,221 ha. This fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html)).
  
 +The product M<sub>B</sub> × C<sub>f</sub> is set to 336 t d.m. ha<sup>-1</sup> according to Table 2.6 and equation 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire.
  
-=== Emission factors === +<WRAP center round info 60%
- +  * M<sub>B</sub> = mass of fuel available for combustiontonnes ha-1 (i.emass of dry organic soil fuel)
-For the year 2019 the estimated emission factors from table 2 were applied. +
- +
-__Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2019__ +
-^  Pollutant        ^  EF<sub>2019</sub> \\ [kg/ha forest area burnt] +
-| NO<sub>x</sub>    |                                           123.63 | +
-| CO                |                                         4,409.60 +
-| NMVOC                                                       389.45 | +
-| SO<sub>x</sub>    |                                            29.67 | +
-| NH<sub>3</sub>                                               33.38 | +
-| TSP                                                         700.59 | +
-| PM<sub>10</sub>                                             453.32 | +
-| PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |                                           370.90 | +
-| BC                |                                            33.38 | +
- +
-In additiona large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under 11.BA detailed description can be found in the NIR +
-2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released.+
  
-The burned area of the drained moor, which is used as a military facility, covered 1,221 ha. This fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html+  * C<sub>f</sub= combustion factor, dimensionless 
-)). +</WRAP>
-The product MB×Cf is set to 336 t dm ha-1 according to Table 2.6 and formula 2.7 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html>)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire.+
  
-For the calculation of CO emissions the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)-1, is taken into account. This results in 85 kt CO. For other emissions from land fires on drained organic soils no Tier-1 emission factors exist and are therefore not reported (NO)".+For the calculation of CO emissions the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)<sup>-1</sup>, is taken into account resulting in 85 kt of CO.