====== 1.A.4.c ii (b) - Off-road Vehicles and other Machinery: Forestry ======

===== Short description =====

Under sub-category //1.A.4.c ii (b)// fuel combustion activities and resulting emissions from off-road vehicles and mobile machinery used in forestry are reported.

^     NFR-Code ^ Source category                                      ^  Method  ^  AD     ^  EF   ^  Key Category Analysis ^
| 1.A.4.c ii (b) | Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery: Forestry |  T1, T2 | NS, M | CS, D, M | [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:agriculture_and_forestry| see superordinate chapter ]] |

======Methodology=====

====Activity data====

Primary activity data (PAD) are taken from National Energy Balances (NEBs) line 67: 'Commercial, trade, services and other consumers' (AGEB, 2022) [(AGEB2022)].

Following the deduction of energy inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, 2022) [(BAFA2022)], the remaining amounts of gasoline and diesel oil are apportioned onto off-road construction vehicles (NFR 1.A.2.g vii) and off-road vehicles in commercial/institutional use (1.A.4. ii) as well as agriculture and forestry (NFR 1.A.4.c ii) based upon annual shares derived from TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2022b) [(KNOERR2022b)] (cf. NFR 1.A.4 - mobile).

__Table 1: Annual contribution of forestry vehicles and mobile machinery to the primary fuel delivery data provided in NEB line 67__
|                     ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^
| **DIESEL FUELS**    |  2.41% |  1.36% |  2.15% |  2.88% |  2.91% |  2.99% |  2.77% |  2.76% |  2.81% |  2.89% |  2.72% |  2.79% |  3.35% |  3.54% |  4.15% |  4.25% |
| **GASOLINE FUELS**  |  68.5% |  40.3% |  44.9% |  41.4% |  35.5% |  35.6% |  33.1% |  32.9% |  33.1% |  33.3% |  31.6% |  31.9% |  35.8% |  36.8% |  40.3% |  40.8% |
source: own estimates based on TREMOD MM

__Table 2: Annual mobile fuel consumption in forestry, in terajoules__
|                        ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^
^ Diesel Oil             |  2,694 |  1,331 |  2,048 |  2,365 |  2,579 |  2,709 |  2,469 |  2,556 |  2,715 |  2,928 |  2,861 |  3,020 |  3,389 |  3,627 |  4,380 |  4,521 |
^ Biodiesel              |  3,093 |  3,005 |  3,324 |  3,029 |  1,568 |  1,430 |    414 |    404 |    432 |  1,678 |  1,591 |  1,600 |  1,794 |  1,707 |  2,679 |  2,761 |
^ Gasoline               |      0 |      0 |      0 |    151 |    198 |    189 |    174 |    152 |    167 |    160 |    152 |    161 |    197 |    207 |    364 |    314 |
^ Biogasoline            |      0 |      0 |      0 |   20,8 |   60,6 |   58,6 |   18,4 |   17,3 |   18,8 |   72,8 |   69,1 |   67,5 |   80,7 |   73,6 |    122 |    131 |
| **Ʃ 1.A.4.c ii (ii)**  ^  5,787 ^  4,335 ^  5,372 ^  5,565 ^  4,405 ^  4,386 ^  3,076 ^  3,129 ^  3,333 ^  4,839 ^  4,673 ^  4,849 ^  5,460 ^  5,614 ^  7,545 ^  7,728 ^

====Emission factors====

The emission factors used here are of rather different quality:
For all **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide** and **particulate matter**, annually changing values computed within TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2022b)) [(KNOERR2022b)] are used, representing the development of mitigation technologies and th effect of fuel-quality legislation. 

__Table 3: Annual coutry-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM<sup>1</sup>__
|                     ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^
| **DIESEL FUELS**                                                                                                                                                    |||||||||||||||||
^ NH<sub>3</sub>      |    0.16 |    0.17 |    0.17 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |    0.18 |
^ NMVOC               |     191 |     156 |     130 |    80.2 |    46.5 |    42.4 |    38.7 |    35.0 |    31.4 |    28.1 |    25.3 |    22.9 |    20.9 |    19.1 |    17.6 |    16.3 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>      |     981 |   1.052 |   1.071 |     834 |     543 |     495 |     454 |     422 |     397 |     375 |     351 |     326 |     305 |     285 |     264 |     239 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>      |    79.6 |    60.5 |    14.0 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |
^ BC<sup>5</sup>      |    84.5 |    60.7 |    41.7 |    27.7 |    21.6 |    21.0 |    20.4 |    19.3 |    17.8 |    16.1 |    14.5 |    13.0 |    11.5 |    10.1 |    8.73 |    7.39 |
^ PM<sup>4</sup>      |     155 |     111 |    75.8 |    45.3 |    30.4 |    28.8 |    27.3 |    25.3 |    23.1 |    20.8 |    18.6 |    16.5 |    14.6 |    12.8 |    11.1 |    9.51 |
^ CO                  |     688 |     618 |     554 |     395 |     282 |     268 |     256 |     243 |     230 |     217 |     206 |     197 |     188 |     181 |     174 |     168 |
| **GASOLINE FUELS**                                                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||||
^ NH<sub>3</sub>      |   0.075 |   0.083 |   0.083 |   0.086 |   0.087 |   0.088 |   0.091 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |   0.092 |
^ NMVOC<sup>2</sup>   |    3.04 |    6.37 |    4.67 |    4.56 |    4.83 |    4.74 |    5.23 |    5.22 |    5.11 |    5.00 |    5.32 |    5.19 |    4.30 |    4.07 |    3.46 |    3.35 |
^ NMVOC<sup>3</sup>   |   5,819 |   5,099 |   5,099 |   5,320 |   5,424 |   4,858 |   3,596 |   2,897 |   2,897 |   2,897 |   2,897 |   2,897 |   2,897 |   2,901 |   2,910 |   2,915 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>      |    42.7 |    49.4 |    49.4 |    76.4 |    86.0 |    78.5 |    63.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |    55.1 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>      |    10.1 |    8.27 |    3.22 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |    0.37 |
^ BC<sup>5</sup>      |    5.09 |    3.73 |    3.73 |    3.86 |    3.91 |    3.96 |    4.08 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |    4.13 |
^ PM<sup>4</sup>      |     102 |    74.6 |    74.6 |    77.2 |    78.1 |    79.2 |    81.5 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |    82.7 |
^ TSP<sup>6</sup>     |    2.35 |    0.82 |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |  0.00   |    0.00 |
^ CO                  |  16,824 |  14,796 |  14,796 |  15,371 |  15,609 |  15,827 |  16,279 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |  16,514 |
^ Pb                  |    1.47 |    0.52 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |       0 |

<sup>1</sup> due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels \\
<sup>2</sup> from fuel combustion\\
<sup>3</sup> from gasoline evaporation\\
<sup>4</sup> EF(PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also applied for PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM<sub>2.5</sub>)\\
<sup>5</sup> estimated via a f-BCs as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, b ii, c ii, 1.A.5.b i - Non-road, note to Table 3-1: Tier 1 emission factors for off-road machinery \\
<sup>6</sup> from leaded gasoline (until 1997)

<WRAP center round info 100%>
With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. ((During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.))
</WRAP>

> For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and  Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

===== Recalculations =====

Revisions in **activity data** result from slightly revised annual shares adapted EBZ 67 shares as well as the implementation of primary activity data from the now finalised NEB 2020.

__Table 6: Revised annual shares of NEB line 67, in %__
|                  ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^
| DIESEL FUELS                                                                                                                                            ||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2023  |   0.024 |   0.014 |   0.022 |   0.029 |   0.029 |   0.030 |   0.028 |   0.028 |   0.028 |   0.029 |   0.027 |   0.028 |   0.033 |   0.035 |   0.042 |
^ Submission 2022  |   0.024 |   0.014 |   0.022 |   0.029 |   0.029 |   0.030 |   0.028 |   0.028 |   0.028 |   0.029 |   0.027 |   0.028 |   0.034 |   0.035 |   0.042 |
^ absolute change  |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |
^ relative change  |  -0.03% |  -0.09% |  -0.13% |  -0.13% |  -0.13% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |   -0.1% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |
| GASOLINE FUELS                                                                                                                                          ||||||||||||||||
^ Submission 2023  |   0.685 |   0.403 |   0.449 |   0.414 |   0.355 |   0.356 |   0.331 |   0.329 |   0.331 |   0.333 |   0.316 |   0.319 |   0.358 |   0.368 |   0.403 |
^ Submission 2022  |   0.685 |   0.403 |   0.449 |   0.414 |   0.355 |   0.356 |   0.331 |   0.329 |   0.331 |   0.333 |   0.316 |   0.319 |   0.358 |   0.368 |   0.404 |
^ absolute change  |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |   0.000 |
^ relative change  |   0.00% |   0.00% |  -0.02% |  -0.02% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.02% |

__Table 5: Revised activity data, in terajoules__
|                            ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^ 2005    ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020  ^
| DIESEL FUELS                                                                                                                                                     ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission         |   2,694 |   1,331 |   2,048 |   2,516 |   2,777 |   2,898 |   2,643 |   2,707 |   2,882 |   3,088 |   3,013 |   3,182 |   3,586 |   3,834 |  4,744 |
^ previous submission        |   2,695 |   1,332 |   2,051 |   2,519 |   2,781 |   2,902 |   2,646 |   2,711 |   2,886 |   3,092 |   3,016 |   3,185 |   3,590 |   3,838 |  4,702 |
^ absolute change            |   -0.90 |   -1.13 |   -2.71 |   -3.23 |   -3.51 |   -3.62 |   -3.27 |   -3.27 |   -3.45 |   -3.70 |   -3.60 |   -3.79 |   -4.23 |   -4.49 |   41.9 |
^ relative change            |  -0.03% |  -0.09% |  -0.13% |   -0.1% |   -0.1% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  -0.12% |  0.89% |
| GASOLINE FUELS                                                                                                                                                   ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission         |   3,093 |   3,005 |   3,324 |   3,050 |   1,628 |   1,488 |     433 |     422 |     451 |   1,751 |   1,660 |   1,668 |   1,875 |   1,781 |  2,802 |
^ previous submission        |   3,093 |   3,004 |   3,325 |   3,050 |   1,629 |   1,488 |     433 |     422 |     451 |   1,752 |   1,660 |   1,668 |   1,875 |   1,781 |  2,229 |
^ absolute change            |   -0.15 |    0.09 |   -0.63 |   -0.72 |   -0.43 |   -0.39 |   -0.12 |   -0.12 |   -0.12 |   -0.48 |   -0.46 |   -0.46 |   -0.49 |   -0.46 |    573 |
^ relative change            |   0.00% |   0.00% |  -0.02% |  -0.02% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  -0.03% |  25.7% |
| OVER-ALL FUEL CONSUMPTION                                                                                                                                        ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission         |   5,787 |   4,335 |   5,372 |   5,565 |   4,405 |   4,386 |   3,076 |   3,129 |   3,333 |   4,839 |   4,673 |   4,849 |   5,460 |   5,614 |  7,545 |
^ previous submission        |   5,788 |   4,336 |   5,375 |   5,569 |   4,409 |   4,390 |   3,079 |   3,133 |   3,336 |   4,843 |   4,677 |   4,853 |   5,465 |   5,619 |  6,930 |
^ absolute change            |   -1.05 |   -1.05 |   -3.34 |   -3.95 |   -3.93 |   -4.01 |   -3.39 |   -3.38 |   -3.57 |   -4.18 |   -4.07 |   -4.25 |   -4.72 |   -4.95 |    615 |
^ relative change            |  -0.02% |  -0.02% |  -0.06% |  -0.07% |  -0.09% |  -0.09% |  -0.11% |  -0.11% |  -0.11% |  -0.09% |  -0.09% |  -0.09% |  -0.09% |  -0.09% |  8.88% |

In contrast, all **emission factors** remain unrevised compared to last year's susbmission.

<WRAP center round info 60%>
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
</WRAP>


[(AGEB2022>AGEB, 2022: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2020/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2011-2020, (Aufruf: 23.11.2021), Köln & Berlin, 2022)]
[(BAFA2022>BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2021_12.xlsx;jsessionid=80E1FD32B36918F682608C03FDE79257.1_cid381?__blob=publicationFile&v=5, Eschborn, 2022.)]
[(KNOERR2022b>Knörr et al. (2022b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2022, Heidelberg, 2022.)]
[(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.)]
[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )]
[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]