====== 1.A.3.b vi - Road Transport: Automobile Tyre and Brake Wear ======
===== Short description=====
In sub-categories //1.A.3.b vi - Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear// emissions from automobile tyre and brake wear in RT are reported. Therefore, these sub-category is an important source for a) particle emissions and b) emissions of heavy metals, POPs etc. included in these particles.
^ Category Code ^ Method ||||^ AD ||||^ EF |||||
| 1.A.3.b vi | T1, T3 ||||| NS, M ||||| CS |||||
^ ^ NOx ^ NMVOC ^ SO2 ^ NH3 ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP ^ BC ^ CO ^ Pb ^ Cd ^ Hg ^ Diox ^ PAH ^ HCB ^
| Key Category: | - | - | - | - | L/- | L/- | L/- | L/- | - | L/- | -/- | - | - | -/- | - |
===== Methodology =====
==== Activity data ====
Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data.
For detailed mileage data, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:start | superordinate chapter ]] on abrasive emissions from road vehicles.
==== Emission factors ====
__Table 1: Emission factors applied__
| || **Tyre Wear** ^^^^^| **Brake Wear** ^^^^^^
| ::: | ::: | **PCs** | **LDVs** | **HDVs** | **Buses** | **Mopeds** | **Motorcycles** | **PCs** | **LDVs** | **HDVs** | **Buses** | **Mopeds** | **Motorcycles** |
^ BC | [mg/km] | 1,07 | 1,69 | 4,50 | 4,50 | 0,55 | 0,55 | 0,75 | 1,17 | 3,27 | 3,27 | 0,44 | 0,44 |
^ PM2.5 | ::: | 4,49 | 7,10 | 18,9 | 18,9 | 1,93 | 1,93 | 2,93 | 4,56 | 12,7 | 12,7 | 1,44 | 1,44 |
^ PM10 | ::: | 6,40 | 10,1 | 27,0 | 24,3 | 2,80 | 2,80 | 7,35 | 11,5 | 32,0 | 28,8 | 3,63 | 3,63 |
^ TSP | ::: | 10,7 | 16,9 | 45,0 | 45,0 | 4,60 | 4,60 | 7,50 | 11,7 | 32,7 | 32,7 | 3,70 | 3,7 |
^ Pb | [µg/km] | 1,88 | 2,97 | 4,26 | 3,10 | 0,81 | 0,81 | 45,5 | 71,0 | 199 | 199 | 22,5 | 22,5 |
^ Hg | ::: | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
^ Cd | ::: | 0,05 | 0,08 | 0,11 | 0,08 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 0,17 | 0,26 | 0,73 | 0,73 | 0,08 | 0,08 |
^ As | ::: | 0,04 | 0,06 | 0,09 | 0,07 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 0,51 | 0,79 | 2,21 | 2,21 | 0,25 | 0,25 |
^ Cr | ::: | 0,26 | 0,40 | 0,58 | 0,42 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 17,3 | 27,0 | 75,7 | 75,7 | 8,55 | 8,55 |
^ Cu | ::: | 1,86 | 2,94 | 4,21 | 3,06 | 0,80 | 0,80 | 383 | 598 | 1674 | 1674 | 189 | 189 |
^ Ni | ::: | 0,32 | 0,51 | 0,72 | 0,53 | 0,14 | 0,14 | 2,45 | 3,83 | 10,71 | 10,71 | 1,21 | 1,21 |
^ Se | ::: | 0,21 | 0,34 | 0,48 | 0,35 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 0,15 | 0,23 | 0,66 | 0,66 | 0,07 | 0,07 |
^ Zn | ::: | 79,5 | 126 | 180 | 131 | 34,2 | 34,2 | 65,1 | 102 | 284 | 284 | 32,1 | 32,1 |
^ B[a]P | ::: | 0,032 | 0,049 | 0,134 | 0,120 | 0,013 | 0,013 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ B[b]F | ::: | 0,038 | 0,063 | 0,161 | 0,144 | 0,019 | 0,019 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ B[k]F | ::: | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ I[..]P | ::: | 0,019 | 0,028 | 0,082 | 0,072 | 0,006 | 0,006 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
^ ∑ PAHs 1-4 | ::: | 0,090 | 0,140 | 0,379 | 0,336 | 0,038 | 0,038 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
=====Discussion of emission trends=====
//(emissions from wear/abrasion only; no fuel combustion included)//
__Table 2: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__
| for: ^ BC ^ Pb ^ TSP ^ PM10 ^ PM2.5 ^
| by: | Level | L/- | L/- | Level & Trend | L/- |
All reported emissons from tyre and brake wear are connected directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered.
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_pm2.5.png?700 | Annual PM2.5 emissions }}
Whereas annual copper emissions result almost entirely from the wear of (disc) brakes...
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_cu.png?700 | Annual copper emissions }}
...zinc emissions result from both tyre and brake wear with high amounts of zinc used in tyre rubber and drum brakes applied in trucks (heayv loads) and buses (stop-and-go).
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_zn.png?700 | Annual zinc emissions }}
===== Recalculations =====
Compared to last year's submission, emission estimates have been revised due to updated mileage data (see super-ordinate chapter).
Differences in the relative changes provided for the specific pollutants result from the different emission factors applied for the different vehicle types.
__Table : Revised emission estimates for particulate matter, copper and zinc, in [kt]__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2011 ^ 2012 ^ 2013 ^ 2014 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^
| **Black Carbon (BC)** - from tyre wear only ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 1.27 | 1.47 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.69 | 1.73 | 1.72 | 1.75 | 1.78 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.87 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.68 |
^ previous submission | 1.27 | 1.47 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.70 | 1.73 | 1.73 | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.80 | 1.83 | 1.85 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.69 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | -0.01 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.13% | -0.09% | -0.03% | -0.48% | -0.43% | -0.32% | 0.39% | 0.15% | 0.25% | 0.73% | 0.78% | 1.06% | 0.43% | -0.43% |
| **PM2.5** ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 5.16 | 6.00 | 6.59 | 6.70 | 6.89 | 7.02 | 7.02 | 7.13 | 7.24 | 7.36 | 7.50 | 7.59 | 7.66 | 7.68 | 6.84 |
^ previous submission | 5.16 | 6.00 | 6.60 | 6.70 | 6.93 | 7.05 | 7.04 | 7.10 | 7.23 | 7.34 | 7.45 | 7.53 | 7.58 | 7.65 | 6.87 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.03 | -0.03 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.13% | -0.09% | -0.03% | -0.48% | -0.43% | -0.32% | 0.39% | 0.15% | 0.25% | 0.73% | 0.78% | 1.06% | 0.43% | -0.43% |
| **PM10** ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 9.56 | 11.11 | 12.21 | 12.42 | 12.78 | 13.01 | 13.01 | 13.21 | 13.41 | 13.64 | 13.90 | 14.07 | 14.20 | 14.24 | 12.68 |
^ previous submission | 9.56 | 11.12 | 12.22 | 12.42 | 12.84 | 13.07 | 13.05 | 13.16 | 13.40 | 13.60 | 13.80 | 13.96 | 14.05 | 14.17 | 12.73 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.06 | -0.05 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.13% | -0.09% | -0.03% | -0.48% | -0.43% | -0.32% | 0.39% | 0.14% | 0.24% | 0.70% | 0.79% | 1.07% | 0.43% | -0.40% |
| **Total Suspended Particles (TSP)** ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 12.67 | 14.71 | 16.17 | 16.45 | 16.91 | 17.23 | 17.23 | 17.49 | 17.76 | 18.06 | 18.40 | 18.63 | 18.79 | 18.85 | 16.78 |
^ previous submission | 12.67 | 14.73 | 16.18 | 16.45 | 17.00 | 17.30 | 17.28 | 17.42 | 17.74 | 18.01 | 18.27 | 18.49 | 18.60 | 18.77 | 16.85 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.08 | -0.07 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.08 | -0.07 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.13% | -0.09% | -0.03% | -0.48% | -0.43% | -0.32% | 0.39% | 0.15% | 0.25% | 0.73% | 0.78% | 1.06% | 0.43% | -0.43% |
| **Copper (Cu)** ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.36 |
^ previous submission | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.36 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.14% | -0.09% | -0.03% | -0.48% | -0.44% | -0.32% | 0.40% | 0.16% | 0.26% | 0.74% | 0.80% | 1.08% | 0.44% | -0.42% |
| **Zinc (Zn)** ||||||||||||||||
^ current submission | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
^ previous submission | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | -0.11% | -0.07% | -0.02% | -0.39% | -0.35% | -0.26% | 0.31% | 0.11% | 0.19% | 0.56% | 0.64% | 0.86% | 0.35% | -0.49% |
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
===== Planned improvements =====
Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.