====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: Other (including use of pesticides) ======
===== Country Specifics =====
So far, the only activity and emissions reported in 3.D.f - Agriculture: Other are the application of pesticides and the resutling emission of HCB.
==== Background ====
{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}}
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.
In Germany, the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, was prohibited in 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported until the 2016 reporting.
However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances such as:
* Lindane (C6H6Cl6): Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (a.k.a. γ-HCCH)
* DCPA (C10H6Cl4O4 ): Dimethyl-Tetrachloroterephthalate (a.k.a. Dacthal)
* PCP (C6HCl5O): Pentachlorophenol (a.k.a. Santophen, Pentachlorol, Chlorophen, Chlon, Dowicide 7, Pentacon, Penwar, Sinituho, Penta)
* Atrazine (C8H14ClN5): 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine
* Simazine (C7H12ClN5): 2,4-Bis(ethylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine
* Propazine (C9H16ClN5): 2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine
* PCNB (C6Cl5NO2): 1,2,3,4,5-Pentachloro-6-nitrobenzene (a.k.a. Pentachlornitrobenzol or Quintozine)
* **Chlorothalonil** (C8Cl4N2): 2,4,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (short: TCPN)
* **Tefluthrin** (C17H14ClF7O2): rac-(2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-methylphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
* **Picloram** (C6H3Cl3N2O2): 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (a.k.a Tordon, Grazon)
Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))).
In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.
__Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__
^ Plant protection product ^ Approval number ^ Application for ^ no longer approved in Germany ^
| BRAVO 500 | 043138-00 | Wheat | • |
| Sambarin | 033705-00 | Wheat | • |
| Pugil 75 WG | 004486-00 | Wheat | • |
| AMISTAR Opti | 005748-00 | Wheat, barley und rye | • |
| Tattoo C | 005805-00 | Potatoes | • |
| CREDO | 006542-00 | Wheat, barley | • |
| Simbo Extra | 004124-00 | Wheat, barley | • |
| ZAKEO Opti | 005748-61 | Wheat, barley und rye | • |
| Daconil 2787 Extra | 023138-00 | Golf course greens, tees, and fairways, ornamental turfgrass and ornamental herbs, shrubs and trees. | • |
__Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__
^ Plant protection product ^ Approval number ^ Application for ^
| EFFIGO | 005866-00 | Rapeseed (winter), maize, round cabbage |
| Barca 334 SL | 008772-00 | Rapeseed (summer/winter) |
| Belkar | 008778-00 | Rapeseed (winter) |
| Gajus | 008943-00 | Rapeseed (winter) |
| Gala 334 SL | 008772-60 | Rapeseed |
| GF-2545 | 008089-00 | Rapeseed (winter) |
| Runway | 006872-00 | Rapeseed (winter) |
Sources: [[https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/Beendete_PSM.html?nn=11031326]], [[https://www.proplanta.de/Pflanzenschutzmittel/Liste/]]
HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)).
In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995).
Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_meldungen_par_64/meld_par_64_2017.pdf;jsessionid=575C3CE6FEC9CF7B81387944C90C6972.1_cid372?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)). Therefore, data on the active ingredients atrazine, simazine, propazine, and quintozine are also available and will be included in the 2023 submission.
==== Methodology ====
The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019.)) (3Df/3I-5, chapter 3, Tier 1 approach).
EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * EF_pest_i
To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation:
EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * IF_(j,i) * EF_pest_i
where:
* EMpest = total HCB emission of active substance (in [mg/a], reported in [kg/a] here),
* mpest = mass of individual active substance applied (in [kg/a]),
* IFj,i = impurity factor of the jth active substance in the ith active substance (in [mg/kg])
* EFpest= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance).
A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, and are considered adequate for estimating emissions for key categories.)) (EMEP Guidebook 2019) the method can be described as Tier 2.
==== Activity data ====
As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram, lindane as well as atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine compiled by the BVL were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012) ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.)); (cf. Table II, domestic sales). Since 2018, domestic sales of all active substances have been published ((see Excel Table “Absatzmengen an Wirkstoffen in Pflanzenschutzmitteln von 1987 bis 2021”. https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)).
__Table 3: Domestic sales of active substances, as of 1987, in t/a__
^ ^ Chlorthalonil ^ Picloram ^ Lindane ^ Atrazine ^ Simazine ^ Propazine ^ Quintozine ^
^ 1987 | 260.2 | 0.4 | 129.1 | 2,106.2 | 176.8 | | 0.3 |
^ 1988 | 313.9 | 0.5 | 151.8 | 2,074.6 | 210.5 | | |
^ 1989 | 234.9 | 0.6 | 90.6 | 1,093.0 | 195.3 | | |
^ 1990 | 317.3 | | 120.4 | 751.9 | 185.7 | | |
^ 1995 | 55.6 | | 26.2 | | | | |
^ 1996 | 82.5 | | 36.9 | | | | |
^ 1997 | 76.0 | | 29.0 | | 0.8 | | |
^ 1998 | 16.7 | | | | 0.2 | | |
^ 1999 | 149.9 | | | | | | |
^ 2000 | 109.3 | | | | | | |
^ 2005 | 857.2 | | | | | | |
^ 2010 | 620.7 | 1.9 | | | | | |
^ 2015 | 886.0 | 3.5 | | | | | |
^ 2016 | 1,148.1 | 4.3 | | | | | |
^ 2017 | 1,418.8 | 4.1 | | | | | |
^ 2018 | 860.8 | 3.9 | | | | | |
^ 2019 | 911.8 | 7.5 | | | | | |
^ 2020 | 105.2 | 9.4 | | | | | |
^ 2021 | | 11.3 | | | | | |
^ 2022 | | 13.0 | | | | | |
=== HCB Impurities ===
The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011R0541)) defines, for certain active substances and in connection with their approval, maximum levels of impurities that are of toxicological or ecotoxicological concern or that are of special concern due to the environmental risks they pose. Since the implementing regulation is a directly applicable law, the maximum levels are binding throughout Europe. In addition, in special cases the BVL may define maximum levels for impurities that the regulation does not cover. Conformance with such maximum levels is then included as a necessary condition for approval of relevant pesticides. The approach is a highly conservative one that probably overestimates the actual emissions.
=== Chlorothalonil ===
Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active substance chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0414)), manufacturers had to analyse their technical active substance for possible relevant impurities and, where appropriate, indicate a maximum level. These maximum levels had to be maintained. Information about the levels specified for chlorothalonil for the years 1990 and 1999 for Germany are not known. As described in the FAO specification (2015, p. 49, ((FAO (2015): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, p 51. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))) Chlorothalonil was reviewed by IPCS (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY) in the Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series in 1996. The limit for HCB in the FAO specification in 1998 for chlorothalonil was 0.3 g/kg and manufacturer stated in that report that the company had improved the manufacturing process (see FAO Specification, 2015, p. 51).
Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany.
Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, cypermethrin, daminozide and thiophanate-methyl as active substances 2005/53/EC C.F.R. (2005).)), which entered into force on 1 March 2006, established a maximum permitted HCB concentration of 10 mg/kg in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance. Due to a review by the FAO 288/2005 (see FAO 2015, p.22 and p. 51) and taking into account the results of batch samples testing the impurity the max. concentration was raised again up to 0.04 g/kg. Thus, the standard was raised to 40 mg/kg in Directive 2006/76/EC ((Directive 2006/76/EC: Commission Directive 2006/76/EC of 22 September 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC as regards the specification of the active substance chlorothalonil (Text with EEA relevance) 2006/76/EC C.F.R. (2006))). According to the current FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural Pesticides, Chlorothalonil (2020)((FAO (2020): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, [[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/#C]])) continues to be reported at 40 mg/kg (see Table 1, p. 18).
For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, the values differ from year to year for the same pesticide. For the year 2000, an intermediate value (170 mg/kg) was calculated by linear interpolation.
According to information from the BVL (October 2021, personal communication), the maximum content of HCB in chlorothalonil was increased from 10 to 40 mg/kg in the products "AMISTAR Opti" and "CREDO" due to subsequently applied for active substance sources. Likewise, an additional potential active substance source (production site) was also reported retroactively. For the years 2001 to 2017, the value of 40 mg/kg (for the reporting 2022) is used for the maximum content of HCB.
For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market.
=== Picloram ===
For picloram, a maximum concentration of 50 mg/kg has been specified for some pesticides. Relevant pesticides were introduced in Germany beginning in 2006. Picloram was added to Annex I with the Commission Directive 2008/69/EC ((Directive 2008/69/EC: Commission Directive 2008/69/EC of 1 July 2008 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include clofentezine, dicamba, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, imazaquin, lenacil, oxadiazon, picloram and pyriproxyfen as active substances 2008/69/EC C.F.R. (2008).)) and the HCB impurity is still set to 50 mg/kg (FAO, 2012 ((FAO (2012): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)Specifications and Evaluations for Picloram, Table 2, p. 23. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))). For 2020, the same amount as for previous years is assumed.
=== Lindane ===
The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the former GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998.
For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, R. E., (2001): Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere, 43(2), 167-182.)) (cf. Table III).
=== Other active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine ===
The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III).
__Table 4: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg/kg__
^ ^ Chlorothalonil ^ Picloram ^ Lindane ^ Atrazine ^ Simazine ^ Propazine ^ Quintozine ^
| 1987-1994 | 300 | 50 | 100 | 2.5 | 1 | 1 | 500 |
| 1995-1997 | 300 | 50 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 500 |
| 1998 - 1999 | 300 | 50 | n/a | n/a | 1 | n/a | n/a |
| 2000 | 170 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 2001 - 2017 | 40 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| 2018 - 2022 | 10 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil.
While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur.
The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, were lower, respectively, than the relevant quantities for chlorothalonil. For this reason, fluctuations in sales of picloram have very little impact on maximum HCB quantities.The maximum HCB quantities used in the 2022 submission correspond to the emissions and are presented under the chapter 'Recalculations'.
==== Emission factor ====
The HCB emission factor was modeled by using the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO 3.31) which is also used for the European registration process of pesticides. The one-dimensional pesticide leaching model has been extended to predict the pesticide volatilisation after agricultural applications under field conditions (Ferrari et al., 2005 ((Ferrari, F., Klein, M., Capri, E., & Trevisan, M. (2005). Prediction of pesticide volatilization with PELMO 3.31. Chemosphere, 60 (5), 705-713))) however, it is also able to calculate the behaviour of impurities in the products. The model was developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecularbiology and Applied Ecology (IME).
Due to its volatility behaviour in the presence of water vapor even at low temperatures, ambient HCB is usually found in the vapour phase and appears to volatilize from plant and soil surfaces during the first 24 hours after application (Klein, M., 2017) ((Klein, M. (2017), Calculation of emission factors for impurities in organic pesticides with PELMO. Personel communication. Description available, Umweltbundesamt, FG V 1.6,Emissionssituation.)). As a test substance chlorothalonil was used in the simulation. The simulation conditions are defined after annual applications in potatoes 14 days before harvest. A detailed description of the input parameters is available (Klein, M., 2017). It is assumed that the HCB volatilisation of the impurity in picloram is the same.
The result of the emission factor is 1 or 100% and represents a fraction that has to be multiplied with the concentration of the applied compound.
===== Trend discussion for Key Sources =====
The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated from 1987 onwards including atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine. HCB emissions are reported in the NFR tables beginning in 1990.
HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a) ((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2021)), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against phytophthora in potatoes.
It is possible that the first "sell-out" took place in 2014, as the end of approval for "Bravo 500" was originally 30.04.2016 with a sales deadline of 30.10.2016 and a phase-out period for users until 30.10.2017.
The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Fachmeldungen/04_pflanzenschutzmittel/2019/2019_06_19_Fa_Widerruf_Chlorthalonil.html)). A sell-off period until 30 April 2020 applied. Often, in the last years before the end of the approval, the remaining stocks are brought onto the market, which leads to higher sales than in previous years.No active ingredient of chlorothalonil was sold in 2021. This means that chlorothalonil is off the market for the time being. Picloram has an approval end date of Dec. 2023. Picloram is thus also subject to a disposal obligation under Section 15 of the PflSchG because the plant protection products contain an active substance that is no longer approved in the EU.
//Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, in kg//
{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:hcb_emissions_1987_2022_version.png?direct&600 |}}
===== Recalculations =====
With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, no recalculations were made compared to the last submission.
===== Uncertainty =====
For the calculation of emissions consumption figures (i. e. statistical figures) are used. Therefore, a standard error of HCB content is assumed as 2.5 % for the emission inventory. The 95% confidence interval is therefore 5 %. A normal distribution is assumed.
The uncertainty for the emission factor was determined using the PELMO model. For this purpose, the applied amounts of HCB on the plant surface were calculated with a vapour pressure reduced by a factor of 10. In addition, the meteorological conditions for modelling were selected in such a way that a range of possible emission factors for different locations was distributed across Europe (from Porto, Portugal, to Jokioinen in Finland). This results in a minimum and maximum emission factor. The maximum range was 30 %; the arithmetic mean was 10 % uncertainty (personal communication, Klein, 2017). A conservative approach and thus 30 % uncertainty is chosen for the calculation of uncertainties. This results in a total uncertainty for HCB emissions of 30.4 %.
===== Planned improvements =====
Currently, no source-specific improvements are planned.