====== 1.A.4.c ii (b) - Off-road Vehicles and other Machinery: Forestry ======
===== Short description =====
Under sub-category //1.A.4.c ii (b)// fuel combustion activities and resulting emissions from off-road vehicles and mobile machinery used in forestry are reported.
{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:chainsaw.png?nolink&200 }}
^ NFR-Code ^ Source category ^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^ Key Category Analysis ^
| 1.A.4.c ii (b) | Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery: Forestry | T1, T2 | NS, M | CS, D, M | [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:agriculture_and_forestry| see superordinate chapter ]] |
======Methodology=====
====Activity data====
Primary activity data (PAD) are taken from National Energy Balances (NEBs) line 67: 'Commercial, trade, services and other consumers' (AGEB, 2023) [(AGEB2023)].
Following the deduction of energy inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, 2022) [(BAFA2022)], the remaining amounts of gasoline and diesel oil are apportioned onto off-road construction vehicles (NFR 1.A.2.g vii) and off-road vehicles in commercial/institutional use (1.A.4. ii) as well as agriculture and forestry (NFR 1.A.4.c ii) based upon annual shares derived from TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2023b) [(KNOERR2023b)] (cf. NFR 1.A.4 - mobile).
__Table 1: Annual contribution of forestry vehicles and mobile machinery to the primary fuel delivery data provided in NEB line 67__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^
| **DIESEL FUELS** | 1.95% | 0.63% | 0.87% | 1.13% | 1.55% | 1.85% | 1.80% | 1.87% | 2.10% | 2.34% | 2.74% | 2.82% | 2.49% |
| **GASOLINE FUELS** | 68.5% | 40.3% | 44.9% | 41.4% | 35.5% | 33.3% | 31.6% | 31.9% | 35.8% | 36.8% | 40.3% | 40.8% | 40.4% |
source: own estimates based on TREMOD MM
__Table 2: Annual mobile fuel consumption in forestry, in terajoules__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^
^ Diesel Oil | 2,181 | 620 | 831 | 923 | 1,376 | 1,913 | 1,889 | 1,993 | 2,171 | 2,471 | 2,861 | 2,996 | 2,553 |
^ Gasoline | 3,093 | 3,005 | 3,324 | 3,029 | 3,600 | 2,972 | 2,725 | 2,687 | 3,041 | 3,222 | 3,518 | 3,634 | 3,566 |
^ Biodiesel | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61.4 | 108 | 106 | 102 | 109 | 122 | 140 | 234 | 210 | 177 |
^ Biogasoline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21.0 | 60.9 | 120 | 111 | 109 | 132 | 133 | 158 | 171 | 165 |
| **Ʃ 1.A.4.c ii (ii)** ^ 5,274 ^ 3,624 ^ 4,155 ^ 4,035 ^ 5,145 ^ 5,111 ^ 4,827 ^ 4,897 ^ 5,466 ^ 5,966 ^ 6,770 ^ 7,011 ^ 6,462 ^
====Emission factors====
The emission factors used here are of rather different quality:
For all **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide** and **particulate matter**, annually changing values computed within TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2023b)) [(KNOERR2023b)] are used, representing the development of mitigation technologies and th effect of fuel-quality legislation.
__Table 3: Annual coutry-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM1__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^
| **DIESEL FUELS** ||||||||||||||
^ NH3 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
^ NMVOC | 191 | 156 | 130 | 80.2 | 46.5 | 27.7 | 24.1 | 20.6 | 17.5 | 14.7 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 8.3 |
^ NOx | 981 | 1,052 | 1,071 | 834 | 543 | 373 | 343 | 310 | 282 | 255 | 229 | 203 | 177 |
^ SOx | 79.6 | 60.5 | 14.0 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
^ BC5 | 84.5 | 60.7 | 41.7 | 27.7 | 21.6 | 16.2 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 9.03 | 7.72 | 6.43 |
^ PM4 | 155 | 111 | 75.8 | 45.3 | 30.4 | 20.8 | 18.6 | 16.7 | 14.9 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 8.55 |
^ CO | 688 | 618 | 554 | 395 | 282 | 214 | 194 | 173 | 153 | 134 | 116 | 99.4 | 84.1 |
| **GASOLINE FUELS** ||||||||||||||
^ NH3 | 0.075 | 0.083 | 0.083 | 0.086 | 0.087 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.092 |
^ NMVOC2 | 5,819 | 5,099 | 5,099 | 5,320 | 5,424 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,901 | 2,910 | 2,915 | 2,915 |
^ NMVOC3 | 3.04 | 6.37 | 4.67 | 4.56 | 4.83 | 5.00 | 5.32 | 5.19 | 4.30 | 4.03 | 3.46 | 3.35 | 3.53 |
^ NOx | 42.7 | 49.4 | 49.4 | 76.4 | 86.0 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 | 55.1 |
^ SOx | 10.1 | 8.27 | 3.22 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
^ BC5 | 5.09 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 3.86 | 3.91 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 | 4.13 |
^ PM4 | 102 | 74.6 | 74.6 | 77.2 | 78.1 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 | 82.7 |
^ TSP6 | 2.35 | 0.82 | leaded gasoline banned as of 1997 |||||||||||
^ CO | 16,824 | 14,796 | 14,796 | 15,371 | 15,609 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 | 16,514 |
^ Pb | 1.47 | 0.52 | leaded gasoline banned as of 1997 |||||||||||
1 due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels \\
2 from fuel combustion\\
3 from gasoline evaporation\\
4 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5)\\
5 estimated via a f-BCs as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, b ii, c ii, 1.A.5.b i - Non-road, note to Table 3-1: Tier 1 emission factors for off-road machinery \\
6 from leaded gasoline (until 1997)
With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. ((During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.))
> For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.
===== Recalculations =====
Revisions in **activity data** result from (i) a revision of the underlying National Energy Balances 2003 to 2021 as well as (ii) strongly revised consumption data for agricultural mobile sources: Here, as the over-all amounts of fuels to be distributed on the different non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is provided in NEB line 67, the strongly increased AD applied for agricultural mobile sources results in decreased amounts of diesel oil allocatd to both mobile sources in forestry and construction/demolitiion (see chapter on NFR 1.A.2.g vii).
__Table 6: Revised annual shares of NEB line 67, in %__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^
| DIESEL FUELS |||||||||||||
^ currents submission | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.028 |
^ previous submission | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.043 |
^ absolute change | -0.005 | -0.007 | -0.013 | -0.018 | -0.014 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.009 | -0.012 | -0.012 | -0.014 | -0.014 |
^ relative change | -19.0% | -53.4% | -59.4% | -60.9% | -46.8% | -35.9% | -33.9% | -32.9% | -37.2% | -33.9% | -33.9% | -33.8% |
| GASOLINE FUELS |||||||||||||
^ currents submission | 0.685 | 0.403 | 0.449 | 0.414 | 0.355 | 0.333 | 0.316 | 0.319 | 0.358 | 0.368 | 0.403 | 0.408 |
^ previous submission | 0.685 | 0.403 | 0.449 | 0.414 | 0.355 | 0.333 | 0.316 | 0.319 | 0.358 | 0.368 | 0.403 | 0.408 |
^ absolute change | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
__Table 5: Revised activity data, in terajoules [TJ]__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^
| DIESEL FUELS |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 2,181 | 620 | 831 | 985 | 1,484 | 2,019 | 1,991 | 2,102 | 2,293 | 2,611 | 3,095 | 3,206 |
^ previous submission | 2,694 | 1,331 | 2,048 | 2,516 | 2,777 | 3,088 | 3,013 | 3,182 | 3,586 | 3,834 | 4,744 | 4,836 |
^ absolute change | -513 | -711 | -1,217 | -1,531 | -1,293 | -1,069 | -1,021 | -1,080 | -1,292 | -1,223 | -1,648 | -1,630 |
^ relative change | -19.0% | -53.4% | -59.4% | -60.9% | -46.6% | -34.6% | -33.9% | -33.9% | -36.0% | -31.9% | -34.7% | -33.7% |
| GASOLINE FUELS |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 3,093 | 3,005 | 3,324 | 3,050 | 3,661 | 3,092 | 2,836 | 2,795 | 3,173 | 3,355 | 3,675 | 3,805 |
^ previous submission | 3,093 | 3,005 | 3,324 | 3,050 | 1,628 | 1,751 | 1,660 | 1,668 | 1,875 | 1,781 | 2,802 | 2,892 |
^ absolute change | 0-00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 2,033 | 1,341 | 1,176 | 1,128 | 1,298 | 1,574 | 874 | 913 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 125% | 76.6% | 70.9% | 67.6% | 69.2% | 88.4% | 31.2% | 31.6% |
| OVER-ALL FUEL CONSUMPTION |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 5,274 | 3,624 | 4,155 | 4,035 | 5,145 | 5,111 | 4,827 | 4,897 | 5,466 | 5,966 | 6,770 | 7,011 |
^ previous submission | 5,787 | 4,335 | 5,372 | 5,565 | 4,405 | 4,839 | 4,673 | 4,849 | 5,460 | 5,614 | 7,545 | 7,728 |
^ absolute change | -513 | -711 | -1,217 | -1,531 | 740 | 272 | 155 | 47.8 | 5.87 | 352 | -775 | -717 |
^ relative change | -8.86% | -16.4% | -22.7% | -27.5% | 16.8% | 5.61% | 3.31% | 0.99% | 0.11% | 6.27% | -10.3% | -9.28% |
In parallel, several **emission factors** have been unrevised within TREMOD MM. Here, the most relevant chang occurs for NMVOC emissions from both the combustion and evaporation of gasoline, where in the last submissions, emission factors for these to emission sources were confused:
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^
| annual emission factors from NMVOC from gasoline combustion |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 5,819 | 5,099 | 5,099 | 5,320 | 5,424 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,901 | 2,910 | 2,915 |
^ previous submission | 3.04 | 6.37 | 4.67 | 4.56 | 4.83 | 5.00 | 5.32 | 5.19 | 4.30 | 4.07 | 3.46 | 3.35 |
^ absolute change | 5,816 | 5,093 | 5,095 | 5,315 | 5,419 | 2,892 | 2,891 | 2,891 | 2,892 | 2,897 | 2,906 | 2,911 |
^ relative change | 191,252% | 79,896% | 109,105% | 116,590% | 112,275% | 57,870% | 54,306% | 55,658% | 67,186% | 71,102% | 84,115% | 86,914% |
| annual emission factors from NMVOC from gasoline evaporation |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 3.04 | 6.37 | 4.67 | 4.56 | 4.83 | 5.00 | 5.32 | 5.19 | 4.30 | 4.07 | 3.46 | 3.35 |
^ previous submission | 5,819 | 5,099 | 5,099 | 5,320 | 5,424 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,897 | 2,901 | 2,910 | 2,915 |
^ absolute change | -5,816 | -5,093 | -5,095 | -5,315 | -5,419 | -2,892 | -2,891 | -2,891 | -2,892 | -2,897 | -2,906 | -2,911 |
^ relative change | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.8% | -99.8% | -99.8% | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.9% | -99.9% |
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021**, please see the recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].
[(AGEB2023>AGEB, 2023: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2030/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 12.12.2023), Köln & Berlin, 2023)]
[(BAFA2023>BAFA, 2023: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik
Deutschland; https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2022_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=4, Eschborn, 2023.)]
[(KNOERR2023b>Knörr et al. (2023b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und
Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2023, Heidelberg, 2023.)]
[(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.)]
[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )]
[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]