====== 1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation: Cruise ====== ===== Short description ===== ^ Category Code ^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^ | 1.A.3.a ii (ii) | T1, T2, T3 | NS, M | CS, D, M | | {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} |||| ---- ^ NOx ^ NMVOC ^ SO2 ^ NH3 ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP ^ BC ^ CO ^ Heavy Metals ^ PCDD/F ^ B(a)P ^ B(b)F ^ B(k)F ^ I(x)P ^ PAH1-4 | HCB | PCBs | | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NE | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NA | NA | | {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}} |||||||||||||||||| In NFR category //1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation: Cruise// emissions from domestic flights between German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided. ===== Methodology ===== ==== Actitvity Data ==== Specific fuel consumption during cruise-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|superordinate chapter]]. __Table 1: annual jet kerosene & avgas consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules__ | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ ^ Kerosene | 20,637 | 21,207 | 23,646 | 21,929 | 21,892 | 19,993 | 20,010 | 19,366 | 19,259 | 19,956 | 8,952 | 6,401 | 9,481 | ^ Avgas | 1,833 | 858 | 843 | 523 | 427 | 429 | 356 | 353 | 337 | 275 | 182 | 115 | 127 | source: Knörr et al. (2023c) [(KNOERR2023c)] & Gores (2023) [(GORES2023)] Here, with international flights coming close to pre-panemic levels again, fuel consumption of domestic flights shows a rather slow "recovery", reaching only about 50% of its pre-pandemic level in 2022: {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3aii(ii)_ad_ker.png?701 | Annual jet kerosene consumption }} ==== Emission factors ==== All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 [(KNOERR2010)] and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2022c)]. For more information, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|superordinate chapter]] on civil aviation. __Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ__ | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ | **JET KEROSENE** |||||||||||||| ^ NH3 | 3.98 | 3.95 | 3.95 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | 3.97 | ^ NMVOC | 16.0 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 20.1 | 21.1 | 23.7 | 19.0 | 19.7 | 20.5 | 23.7 | 36.3 | 35.8 | 28.2 | ^ NOx | 330 | 367 | 340 | 334 | 368 | 379 | 391 | 392 | 388 | 390 | 357 | 358 | 375 | ^ SOx | 19.7 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | ^ BC | 1.87 | 2.15 | 2.03 | 2.21 | 2.01 | 2.01 | 1.93 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.73 | 1.79 | 1.86 | 1.82 | ^ PM | 3.89 | 4.49 | 4.23 | 4.60 | 4.19 | 4.18 | 4.02 | 4.08 | 4.16 | 3.61 | 3.74 | 3.88 | 3.79 | ^ CO | 150 | 152 | 194 | 205 | 198 | 217 | 157 | 155 | 158 | 170 | 272 | 310 | 237 | | **AVGAS** |||||||||||||| ^ NH3 | NE ||||||||||||| ^ NMVOC | 594 | 593 | 594 | 593 | 592 | 594 | 592 | 591 | 591 | 589 | 588 | 587 | 582 | ^ NOx | 150 | 149 | 149 | 150 | 149 | 150 | 149 | 149 | 149 | 147 | 147 | 147 | 146 | ^ SOx | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | ^ BC | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | ^ PM2.5, PM10 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 2.78 | 2.78 | 2.78 | 2.78 | ^ TSP | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.9 | ^ CO | 20,142 | 20,216 | 20,229 | 20,160 | 20,305 | 20,208 | 20,265 | 20,286 | 20,319 | 20,478 | 20,495 | 20,526 | 20,701 | 1 EF(TSP) also applied for PM10 and PM2.5 (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5) \\ 2 estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: "Conclusion". For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included. For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources. ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== NFR 1.A.3.a ii (ii) - Domestic Civil Aviation - Cruise is **not included in the national emission totals** and hence **not included in the key category analysis**. ===== Recalculations ===== **Primary activity data** have been revised within TREMOD AV to keep in line with information from the revised National Energy Balances 2003 to 2021. Furthermore, the shares of kerosene consumed for domestic and international flights have been corrected for all years within the TREMOD Aviation model (see super-ordinate chapter). __Table 3: Revised annual fuel consumption in 1.A.3.a ii (ii), in terajoules__ | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ | **JET KEROSENE** ||||||||||||| ^ current submission | 20,637 | 21,207 | 23,646 | 21,929 | 21,892 | 19,993 | 20,010 | 19,366 | 19,259 | 19,956 | 8,952 | 6,401 | ^ previous submission | 20,263 | 20,927 | 23,058 | 21,646 | 21,682 | 19,826 | 19,831 | 19,163 | 19,300 | 20,451 | 9,441 | 6,536 | ^ absolute change | 375 | 280 | 588 | 283 | 210 | 167 | 179 | 203 | -41 | -496 | -489 | -135 | ^ relative change | 1.85% | 1.34% | 2.55% | 1.31% | 0.97% | 0.84% | 0.90% | 1.06% | -0.21% | -2.42% | -5.18% | -2.07% | | **AVGAS** ||||||||||||| ^ current submission | 1,833 | 858 | 843 | 523 | 427 | 429 | 356 | 353 | 337 | 275 | 182 | 115 | ^ previous submission | 1,681 | 805 | 779 | 472 | 383 | 393 | 322 | 320 | 310 | 256 | 170 | 114 | ^ absolute change | 152 | 52.8 | 64.0 | 50.7 | 44.5 | 36.1 | 34.6 | 33.1 | 27.2 | 19.0 | 12.0 | 1.61 | ^ relative change | 9.04% | 6.56% | 8.21% | 10.72% | 11.64% | 9.18% | 10.75% | 10.35% | 8.77% | 7.40% | 7.04% | 1.41% | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. ===== Uncertainties ===== For information on uncertainties, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation. ===== Planned improvements ===== For information on planned improvements, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation. [(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)] [(KNOERR2023c> Knörr et al. (2023c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2023.)] [(GORES2023> Gores (2023): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2022, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2023.)] [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)] [(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)]