====== 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO ======

===== Short description =====

In NFR category //1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO// emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported.
In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.


^ Category Code                           ^  Method      ^  AD     ^  EF        ^
| 1.A.3.a i(i)                            |  T1, T2, T3  |  NS, M  |  CS, D, M  |
|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                                     ||||

----

^  NO<sub>x</sub>                         ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  Pb   ^  Cd   ^  Hg   ^  As   ^  Cr   ^  Cu   ^  Ni   ^  Se   ^  Zn   ^  PCDD/F  ^  B(a)P  ^  B(b)F  ^  B(k)F  ^  I(x)P  ^  PAH1-4  |  HCB  |  PCBs  |
|  -/-                                    |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  NE      |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-     |  NA   |  NA    |
|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||

===== Methodology =====

==== Actitvity Data ====

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.

__Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights__
|                    ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^
^ Jet Kerosene       |  7.55  |  8.25  |  7.42  |  7.13  |  7.59  |  8.37  |  8.01  |  7.44  |  7.43  |  7.71  |  7.25  |  6.08  |  6.13  |
^ Aviation Gasoline  |  1.89  |  1.84  |  1.82  |  1.89  |  1.87  |  1.74  |  6.80  |  6.63  |  7.44  |  7.59  |  9.09  |  20.9  |  19.9  |
source: Knörr et al. (2023c) [(KNOERR2023c)] &: Gores (2023) [(GORES2023)]

__Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule__
|                    ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^
^ Jet Kerosene       |  12,364 |  16,785 |  19,619 |  22,351 |  25,149 |  27,961 |  28,920 |  29,629 |  30,477 |  31,355 |  13,603 |  15,084 |  22,751 |
^ Aviation Gasoline  |    6.44 |    2.96 |    2.82 |    1.81 |    1.46 |    1.37 |    0.76 |    0.83 |    1.05 |    0.95 |    0.49 |    2.40 |    2.51 |
|                    ^  12,370 ^  16,788 ^  19,622 ^  22,353 ^  25,150 ^  27,963 ^  28,920 ^  29,630 ^  30,478 ^  31,356 ^  13,604 ^ 15,087  ^  22,754 ^
source: Knörr et al. (2023c) [(KNOERR2023c)] &: Gores (2023) [(GORES2023)]

{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai(i)_ad_ker.png?700 |Annual energy input: kerosene }}
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai(i)_ad_avg.png?700 |Annual energy input: aviation gasoline }}

==== Emission factors ====

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) [(KNOERR2010)] and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2023c)]. 

For more information, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|superordinate chapter]] on civil aviation.

__Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ__
|                        ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^
| **JET KEROSENE**                                                                                                                            ||||||||||||||
^ NH<sub>3</sub>         |    3.98 |    3.95 |    3.95 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |    3.97 |
^ NMVOC                  |    61.7 |    37.5 |    27.0 |    23.7 |    21.9 |    21.3 |    20.9 |    21.4 |    22.2 |    20.0 |    20.7 |    19.1 |    18.9 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>         |     296 |     306 |     302 |     323 |     342 |     352 |     357 |     357 |     355 |     358 |     368 |     367 |     365 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>         |    19.7 |    19.5 |    19.5 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |    19.6 |
^ BC<sup>1</sup>         |    1.75 |    1.61 |    1.44 |    1.36 |    1.20 |    1.13 |    1.11 |    1.10 |    1.10 |    1.06 |    1.05 |    1.06 |    1.08 |
^ PM<sup>2</sup>         |    3.65 |    3.35 |    2.99 |    2.82 |    2.49 |    2.35 |    2.32 |    2.29 |    2.29 |    2.22 |    2.19 |    2.21 |    2.24 |
^ CO                     |     253 |     230 |     240 |     221 |     204 |     198 |     193 |     193 |     197 |     189 |     189 |     189 |     187 |
| **AVIATION GASOLINE**                                                                                                                       ||||||||||||||
^ NH<sub>3</sub>         |  NE                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||
^ NMVOC                  |     619 |     636 |     659 |     678 |     665 |     668 |     653 |     644 |     651 |     642 |     634 |     667 |     667 |
^ NO<sub>x</sub>         |     101 |    96.1 |    92.7 |    91.9 |    91.3 |    96.7 |    97.4 |    98.2 |    80.4 |    75.8 |    72.8 |    95.7 |    97.9 |
^ SO<sub>x</sub>         |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |    0.46 |
^ BC<sup>1</sup>         |    4.06 |    4.59 |    4.92 |    4.90 |    4.98 |    4.25 |    4.10 |    4.02 |    6.95 |    7.71 |    8.13 |    4.53 |    4.18 |
^ PM<sup>2</sup>         |    27.0 |    30.6 |    32.8 |    32.6 |    33.2 |    28.3 |    27.3 |    26.8 |    46.4 |    51.4 |    54.2 |    30.2 |    27.9 |
^ TSP<sup>3</sup>        |    42.2 |    45.8 |    48.0 |    47.8 |    48.4 |    43.5 |    42.5 |    42.0 |    61.5 |    66.6 |    69.3 |    45.4 |    43.0 |
^ CO                     |  15,535 |  16,276 |  16,792 |  16,174 |  16,885 |  16,141 |  16,441 |  16,754 |  19,006 |  19,952 |  20,619 |  16,543 |  16,262 |
<sup>1</sup> estimated via a f-BCs (avgas: 0.15, jet kerosene: 0.48) as provided in [(EMEPEEA2023)] \\
<sup>2</sup> EF(PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also applied for PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM<sub>2.5</sub>)\\
<sup>3</sup> also including TSP from lead: EF(TSP) = 1.6 x EF(Pb) - see road transport


<WRAP center round info 100%>
For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.
</WRAP>
 
            
===== Discussion of emission trends =====

</WRAP>
NFR sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) is no key source for emissions.
</WRAP>

Basically, emission trends corespond directly with fuel consumption, resulting in a strong but temporary decline during an right after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Here, fuel consumption and, hence, emissions show a steady upwards trend again in 2021 and 2022 for international flights, already reaching about 2/3 of its pre-pandemic levels.
In contrast, fuel consumption and emissions of domestic flights show no such strong "regeneration" yet (see related sub-chapters).

{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai_i_em_nh3.png?700 |Annual ammonia emissions }}
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai_i_em_so2.png?700 |Annual sulphur oxides emissions }}
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:1a3ai_i_em_nox.png?700 |Annual nitrogen oxides emissions }}

===== Recalculations =====

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated...

__Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene and avgas consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %__
|                      ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^
| **JET KEROSENE**                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||
^ current submission   |    7.55 |    8.25 |    7.42 |    7.13 |    7.59 |    8.37 |    8.01 |    7.44 |    7.43 |    7.71 |    7.25 |    6.08 |
^ previous submission  |    7.53 |    8.25 |    7.37 |    7.12 |    7.58 |    8.38 |    8.01 |    7.45 |    7.45 |    7.74 |    7.32 |    6.10 |
^ absolute change      |    0.01 |    0.00 |    0.04 |    0.01 |    0.00 |   -0.01 |   -0.01 |   -0.01 |   -0.02 |   -0.03 |   -0.06 |   -0.02 |
^ relative change      |   0.16% |   0.04% |   0.57% |   0.09% |   0.03% |  -0.11% |  -0.09% |  -0.13% |  -0.26% |  -0.43% |  -0.89% |  -0.35% |
| **AVGAS**                                                                                                                        |||||||||||||
^ current submission   |    1.89 |    1.84 |    1.82 |    1.89 |    1.87 |    1.74 |    6.80 |    6.63 |    7.44 |    7.59 |    9.09 |   20.92 |
^ previous submission  |    3.35 |    3.39 |    3.44 |    3.44 |    3.56 |    3.54 |    6.19 |    6.16 |    6.70 |    6.89 |    7.34 |    19.5 |
^ absolute change      |   -1.46 |   -1.55 |   -1.62 |   -1.55 |   -1.69 |   -1.80 |    0.60 |    0.47 |    0.74 |    0.70 |    1.75 |    1.44 |
^ relative change      |  -43.5% |  -45.7% |  -47.2% |  -45.2% |  -47.4% |  -50.9% |   9.77% |   7.69% |   11.0% |   10.2% |   23.9% |   7.41% |


... and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

__Table 4: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules__
|                      ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^
| **JET KEROSENE**                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||
^ current submission   |  12,364 |  16,785 |  19,619 |  22,351 |  25,149 |  27,961 |  28,920 |  29,629 |  30,477 |  31,355 |  13,603 |  15,084 |
^ previous submission  |  12,380 |  16,807 |  19,562 |  22,356 |  25,161 |  28,008 |  28,963 |  29,683 |  30,549 |  31,436 |  13,674 |  15,118 |
^ absolute change      |   -15.7 |   -22.3 |    56.9 |    -4.5 |   -12.1 |   -46.8 |   -43.1 |   -53.1 |   -71.6 |   -80.3 |   -70.9 |   -33.2 |
^ relative change      |  -0.13% |  -0.13% |   0.29% |  -0.02% |  -0.05% |  -0.17% |  -0.15% |  -0.18% |  -0.23% |  -0.26% | -0.52%  |  -0.22% |
| **AVGAS**                                                                                                                        |||||||||||||
^ current submission   |    6.44 |    2.96 |    2.82 |    1.81 |    1.46 |    1.37 |    0.76 |    0.83 |    1.05 |    0.95 |    0.49 |    2.40 |
^ previous submission  |    17.1 |    7.41 |    7.83 |    5.29 |    4.58 |    3.61 |    2.37 |    2.38 |    2.31 |    1.73 |    0.95 |    2.53 |
^ absolute change      |   -10.7 |   -4.45 |   -5.00 |   -3.48 |   -3.12 |   -2.24 |   -1.62 |   -1.55 |   -1.26 |   -0.78 |   -0.46 |   -0.13 |
^ relative change      |  -62.4% |  -60.0% |  -63.9% |  -65.7% |  -68.1% |  -62.1% |  -68.1% |  -65.2% |  -54.5% |  -45.2% |  -48.2% |  -5.24% |

In parallel, the majority of **country-specific emission factors**  has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model, taking into account the development of fleet composition and engine technology but cannot be displayed here in a proper way.

<WRAP center round info 65%>
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
</WRAP>

===== Uncertainties =====

<WRAP center round info 65%>
For information on uncertainties, please see the [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.
</WRAP>

===== Planned improvements =====

<WRAP center round info 65%>
For information on planned improvements, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start|main chapter]] on civil aviation.
</WRAP>
===== FAQs =====


[(AGEB2023>AGEB, 2023: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2030/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 12.12.2023), Köln & Berlin, 2023)]
[(BAFA2023>BAFA, 2023: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2022_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=4, Eschborn, 2023.)]
[(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)]
[(KNOERR2023c> Knörr et al. (2023c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2023.)]
[(GORES2023> Gores (2023): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2022, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2023.)]
[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA, 2023: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation-2023/view; Copenhagen, 2023.)]
[(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)]
[(IPCC2006a> IPCC (2006b): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC emission factor data base; URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php)]
[(DOEPELHEUER2002> Döpelheuer (2002): Anwendungsorientierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung von CO, HC und Ruß aus Luftfahrttriebwerken, Dissertationsschrift des DLR, Institut für Antriebstechnik, Köln, 2002.)]
[(CORINAIR2006> CORINAIR, 2006 - EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2006, EEA technical report No. 11/2006; Dezember 2006, Kopenhagen, 2006 URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4 )]
[(IPCC1996a> Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 3: Reference Manual, Chapter I: Energy; URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch1ref2.pdf, p. I.40 )]
[(IPCC1996b> Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 3: Reference Manual, Chapter I: Energy; http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch1ref3.pdf, p. I.42 )]
[(IPCC2000> IPCC, 2000: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Secretariat, 16th Session, Montreal, 1-8 May 2000, URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/ )]
[(EUROCONTROL2006> EUROCONTROL, 2006 – The Advanced Emission Model (AEM3) - Validation Report, Jelinek, F., Carlier, S., Smith, J., EEC Report EEC/SEE/2004/004, Brüssel 2004 URL: http://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/public/standard_page/DOC_Report_2004_016.html http://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/public/standard_page/DOC_Report_2006_030.html )]