====== 1.A.3.b vi - Road Transport: Automobile Tyre and Brake Wear ======
===== Short description=====
In sub-categories //1.A.3.b vi - Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear// emissions from automobile tyre and brake wear in RT are reported. Therefore, these sub-category is an important source for a) particle emissions and b) emissions of heavy metals, POPs etc. included in these particles.
^ Category Code ^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^
| 1.A.3.b vi | T1, T3 | NS, M | CS |
| {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} ||||
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| NOx | NMVOC | SO2 | NH3 ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP ^ BC ^ CO ^ Pb ^ Cd | Hg ^ As ^ Cr ^ Cu ^ Ni ^ Se ^ Zn | PCDD/F ^ B(a)P ^ B(b)F ^ B(k)F ^ I(x)P ^ PAH1-4 | HCB | PCBs |
| NA | NA | NA | NA ^ L/- ^ L/- ^ L/- ^ L/- | -/- | L/- | -/- | NA | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NA | -/- | -/- | NE | -/- | -/- | NA | NA |
| {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}} ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
===== Methodology =====
==== Activity data ====
Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data.
For detailed mileage data, please see [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:start | superordinate chapter ]] on abrasive emissions from road vehicles.
==== Emission factors ====
__Table 1: Emission factors applied__
| || **Tyre Wear** |||||| **Brake Wear** ||||||
| ::: | ::: | **PCs** | **LDVs** | **HDVs** | **Buses** | **Mopeds** | **Motorcycles** | **PCs** | **LDVs** | **HDVs** | **Buses** | **Mopeds** | **Motorcycles** |
^ BC | [mg/km] | 1.07 | 1.69 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 3.27 | 3.27 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
^ PM2.5 | ::: | 4.49 | 7.10 | 18.9 | 18.9 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 2.93 | 4.56 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 1.44 | 1.44 |
^ PM10 | ::: | 6.40 | 10.1 | 27.0 | 24.3 | 2.80 | 2.80 | 7.35 | 11.5 | 32.0 | 28.8 | 3.63 | 3.63 |
^ TSP | ::: | 10.7 | 16.9 | 45.0 | 45.0 | 4.60 | 4.60 | 7.50 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 32.7 | 3.70 | 3.7 |
^ Pb | [µg/km] | 1.88 | 2.97 | 4.26 | 3.10 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 45.5 | 71.0 | 199 | 199 | 22.5 | 22.5 |
^ Hg | ::: | NA ||||||||||||
^ Cd | ::: | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
^ As | ::: | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.79 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
^ Cr | ::: | 0.26 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 17.3 | 27.0 | 75.7 | 75.7 | 8.55 | 8.55 |
^ Cu | ::: | 1.86 | 2.94 | 4.21 | 3.06 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 383 | 598 | 1674 | 1674 | 189 | 189 |
^ Ni | ::: | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 2.45 | 3.83 | 10.71 | 10.71 | 1.21 | 1.21 |
^ Se | ::: | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
^ Zn | ::: | 79.5 | 126 | 180 | 131 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 65.1 | 102 | 284 | 284 | 32.1 | 32.1 |
^ B[a]P | ::: | 0.032 | 0.049 | 0.134 | 0.120 | 0.013 | 0.013 | NA ||||||
^ B[b]F | ::: | 0.038 | 0.063 | 0.161 | 0.144 | 0.019 | 0.019 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
^ B[k]F | ::: | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
^ I[..]P | ::: | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.082 | 0.072 | 0.006 | 0.006 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
^ ∑ PAHs 1-4 | ::: | 0.090 | 0.140 | 0.379 | 0.336 | 0.038 | 0.038 | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
=====Discussion of emission trends=====
//(emissions from wear/abrasion only; no fuel combustion included)//
__Table 2: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__
| for: ^ BC ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP ^
| by: | L/- | L/- | L/- | L/- |
\\
All reported emissions from tyre and brake wear are linked directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered.
Here, after a moderate decrease during the Covid-19 pandemic, mileage related abrasive emissions show a slow recovery not yet reaching pre-pandemic levels again.
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_pm2.5.png?701 | Annual PM2.5 emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes. }}
Whereas annual copper emissions result almost entirely from the wear of (disc) brakes...
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_cu.png?701 | Annual copper emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes.}}
...zinc emissions result from both tyre and brake wear with high amounts of zinc used in tyre rubber and drum brakes applied in trucks (heayv loads) and buses (stop-and-go).
{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:1a3bvi_em_zn.png?701 | Annual zinc emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes.}}
===== Recalculations =====
Compared to last year's submission, emission estimates have been revised due to updated mileage data (see super-ordinate chapter).
Differences in the relative changes provided for the specific pollutants result from the different emission factors applied for the different vehicle types.
__Table : Revised emission estimates for particulate matter, copper and zinc, in [kt]__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^
| **Black Carbon (BC)** - from tyre wear only |||||||||||||
^ current submission | | | 1.619 | 1.647 | 1.694 | 1.809 | 1.843 | 1.866 | 1.882 | 1.888 | 1.681 | 1.699 |
^ previous submission | | | 1.619 | 1.647 | 1.694 | 1.808 | 1.843 | 1.866 | 1.882 | 1.887 | 1.680 | 1.697 |
^ absolute change | | | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
^ relative change | | | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.15% |
| **PM2.5** |||||||||||||
^ current submission | | 5.995 | 6.590 | 6.703 | 6.895 | 7.361 | 7.503 | 7.595 | 7.662 | 7.683 | 6.840 | 6.918 |
^ previous submission | | 5.995 | 6.590 | 6.703 | 6.894 | 7.360 | 7.501 | 7.594 | 7.660 | 7.682 | 6.838 | 6.907 |
^ absolute change | | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
^ relative change | | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.15% |
| **PM10** |||||||||||||
^ current submission | | 11.11 | 12.21 | 12.42 | 12.78 | 13.64 | 13.90 | 14.08 | 14.20 | 14.24 | 12.68 | 12.83 |
^ previous submission | | 11.11 | 12.21 | 12.42 | 12.78 | 13.64 | 13.90 | 14.07 | 14.20 | 14.24 | 12.68 | 12.81 |
^ absolute change | | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.017 |
^ relative change | | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.13% |
| **Total Suspended Particles (TSP)** | | | | | | | | | | | | |
^ current submission | 12.67 | 14.71 | 16.17 | 16.45 | 16.92 | 18.06 | 18.41 | 18.64 | 18.80 | 18.85 | 16.78 | 16.97 |
^ previous submission | 12.67 | 14.71 | 16.17 | 16.45 | 16.91 | 18.06 | 18.40 | 18.63 | 18.79 | 18.85 | 16.78 | 16.95 |
^ absolute change | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.025 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.15% |
| **Copper (Cu)** |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 0.270 | 0.313 | 0.344 | 0.350 | 0.360 | 0.385 | 0.392 | 0.397 | 0.400 | 0.401 | 0.357 | 0.362 |
^ previous submission | 0.270 | 0.313 | 0.344 | 0.350 | 0.360 | 0.384 | 0.392 | 0.397 | 0.400 | 0.401 | 0.357 | 0.361 |
^ absolute change | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.15% |
| **Zinc (Zn)** |||||||||||||
^ current submission | 0.094 | 0.108 | 0.119 | 0.121 | 0.125 | 0.133 | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.138 | 0.139 | 0.123 | 0.124 |
^ previous submission | 0.094 | 0.108 | 0.119 | 0.121 | 0.125 | 0.133 | 0.135 | 0.137 | 0.138 | 0.139 | 0.123 | 0.124 |
^ absolute change | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
^ relative change | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.11% |
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
===== Planned improvements =====
Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.