1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise

1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise

Short description

Category Code

Method

1.A.3.a i (ii)

T1, T2, T3

NS, M

CS, D, M

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Method(s) applied
D	Default
T1	Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2	Tier 2*
T3	Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C	CORINAIR
CS	Country Specific
M	Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS	National Statistics
RS	Regional Statistics
IS	International Statistics
PS	Plant Specific
As	Associations, business organisations
Q	specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M	Model / Modelled
C	Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D	Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS	Country Specific
PS	Plant Specific
M	Model / Modelled
C	Confidential

NO_x

NMVOC

SO₂

NH₃

PM_2.5

PM₁₀

TSP

Heavy Metals

PCDD/F

B(a)P

B(b)F

B(k)F

I(x)P

PAH1-4

HCB

PCBs

-/-

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L/-	key source by Level only
-/T	key source by Trend only
L/T	key source by both Level and Trend
-/-	no key source for this pollutant
IE	emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE	emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA	specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
*	no analysis done

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise emissions from international flights from German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported.

In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Methodology

Actitvity Data

Specific jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: annual jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Jet kerosene	151,464	186,663	244,893	291,217	306,393	306,085	332,321	368,575	379,883	375,395	173,974	232,895	348,315
Avgas	334	158	153	94.5	76.5	77.3	10.4	11.7	13.1	11.5	4.94	9.07	10.1

source: Knörr et al. (2023c) ¹⁾ and Gores (2023) ²⁾

After a strong decrease during the Covid-19 pandemic, flight activity and, hence, fuel consumption show a ongoing “recovery” being close to pre-pandemic levels again in 2022.

Emission factors

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 ³⁾ and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV ⁴⁾.

For more information, please see the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
JET KEROSENE
NH₃	3.98	3.95	3.95	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97	3.97
NMVOC	13.5	9.09	6.13	5.33	4.72	4.44	4.24	4.30	4.41	4.35	4.49	4.13	4.21
NO_x	313	316	328	337	351	365	370	372	373	375	379	378	378
SO_x	19.7	19.5	19.5	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6
BC	1.87	1.94	2.02	1.92	1.80	1.71	1.72	1.72	1.73	1.71	1.68	1.76	1.77
PM	3.90	4.04	4.20	4.00	3.75	3.57	3.59	3.58	3.60	3.57	3.50	3.67	3.69
CO	74.4	62.1	48.5	42.6	38.1	36.5	34.5	34.5	35.0	34.4	35.1	34.8	34.6
AVGAS
NH₃	NE
NMVOC	593	592	599	601	600	602	594	593	572	563	543	589	591
NO_x	147	147	148	149	148	150	150	149	135	130	118	146	148
SO_x	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46	0.46
BC	0.41	0.41	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.41	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.43	0.42	0.42
PM_2.5, PM₁₀	2.75	2.75	2.78	2.77	2.78	2.77	2.76	2.77	2.80	2.82	2.85	2.79	2.78
TSP	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	18.0	18.0	18.0	18.0	18.0
CO	19,837	20,022	20,502	20,378	20,563	20,217	20,287	20,390	22,290	22,963	24,691	20,738	20,533

¹ EF(TSP) also applied for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM_2.5)
² estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in ⁵⁾, Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: “Conclusion”.

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Trend discussion for Key Sources

NFR 1.A.3.a i (ii) - International Civil Aviation - Cruise is not included in the national emission totals and hence not included in the key category analysis.

Recalculations

Primary activity data have been revised to keep in line with information from the revised National Energy Balances 2003 to 2021. Furthermore, the shares of kerosene consumed for domestic and international flights have been corrected for all years within the TREMOD Aviation model (see super-ordinate chapter).

Table 3: Revised kerosene usage in 1.A.3.a i (ii), in terajoules

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
JET KEROSENE
current submission	151,464	186,663	244,893	291,217	306,393	306,085	332,321	368,575	379,883	375,395	173,974	232,895
previous submission	151,924	186,987	245,697	291,564	306,633	306,219	332,481	368,730	379,695	374,607	173,209	232,547
absolute change	-461	-324	-804	-347	-241	-134	-159	-155	187	788	765	348
relative change	-0.30%	-0.17%	-0.33%	-0.12%	-0.08%	-0.04%	-0.05%	-0.04%	0.05%	0.21%	0.44%	0.15%
AVGAS
current submission	334	158	153	94.5	76.5	77.3	10.4	11.7	13.1	11.5	4.94	9.07
previous submission	494	211	220	149	124	98.4	36.0	36.3	32.2	23.4	12.0	10.5
absolute change	-160	-53.1	-67.2	-54.1	-47.5	-21.1	-25.6	-24.6	-19.1	-11.9	-7.10	-1.40
relative change	-32.4%	-25.2%	-30.5%	-36.4%	-38.3%	-21.4%	-71.2%	-67.9%	-59.3%	-50.7%	-59.0%	-13.4%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

For information on uncertainties, please see the main chapter on civil aviation.

Planned improvements

For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

^1),
4) Knörr et al. (2023c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2023.

²⁾ Gores (2023): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2022, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2023.

³⁾ Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.

⁵⁾ EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.

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