Table of Contents

1.A.3.b vi - Road Transport: Automobile Tyre and Brake Wear

Short description

In sub-categories 1.A.3.b vi - Road transport: Automobile tyre and brake wear emissions from automobile tyre and brake wear in RT are reported. Therefore, these sub-category is an important source for a) particle emissions and b) emissions of heavy metals, POPs etc. included in these particles.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.b vi T1, T3 NS, M CS

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
NA NA NA NA L/- L/- L/- L/- -/- L/- -/- NA -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- NA -/- -/- NE -/- -/- NA NA

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data.

For detailed mileage data, please see superordinate chapter on abrasive emissions from road vehicles.

Emission factors

Table 1: Emission factors applied

Tyre Wear Brake Wear
PCs LDVs HDVs Buses Mopeds Motorcycles PCs LDVs HDVs Buses Mopeds Motorcycles
BC [mg/km] 1.07 1.69 4.50 4.50 0.55 0.55 0.75 1.17 3.27 3.27 0.44 0.44
PM2.5 4.49 7.10 18.9 18.9 1.93 1.93 2.93 4.56 12.7 12.7 1.44 1.44
PM10 6.40 10.1 27.0 24.3 2.80 2.80 7.35 11.5 32.0 28.8 3.63 3.63
TSP 10.7 16.9 45.0 45.0 4.60 4.60 7.50 11.7 32.7 32.7 3.70 3.7
Pb [µg/km] 1.88 2.97 4.26 3.10 0.81 0.81 45.5 71.0 199 199 22.5 22.5
Hg NA
Cd 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.26 0.73 0.73 0.08 0.08
As 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.51 0.79 2.21 2.21 0.25 0.25
Cr 0.26 0.40 0.58 0.42 0.11 0.11 17.3 27.0 75.7 75.7 8.55 8.55
Cu 1.86 2.94 4.21 3.06 0.80 0.80 383 598 1674 1674 189 189
Ni 0.32 0.51 0.72 0.53 0.14 0.14 2.45 3.83 10.71 10.71 1.21 1.21
Se 0.21 0.34 0.48 0.35 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.66 0.66 0.07 0.07
Zn 79.5 126 180 131 34.2 34.2 65.1 102 284 284 32.1 32.1
B[a]P 0.032 0.049 0.134 0.120 0.013 0.013 NA
B[b]F 0.038 0.063 0.161 0.144 0.019 0.019
B[k]F 0 0 0 0 0 0
I[..]P 0.019 0.028 0.082 0.072 0.006 0.006
∑ PAHs 1-4 0.090 0.140 0.379 0.336 0.038 0.038

(emissions from wear/abrasion only; no fuel combustion included)

Table 2: Outcome of Key Category Analysis

for: BC PM2.5 PM10 TSP
by: L/- L/- L/- L/-


All reported emissions from tyre and brake wear are linked directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered.

Here, after a moderate decrease during the Covid-19 pandemic, mileage related abrasive emissions show a slow recovery not yet reaching pre-pandemic levels again.

Annual PM2.5 emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes.

Whereas annual copper emissions result almost entirely from the wear of (disc) brakes…

Annual copper emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes.

…zinc emissions result from both tyre and brake wear with high amounts of zinc used in tyre rubber and drum brakes applied in trucks (heayv loads) and buses (stop-and-go).

Annual zinc emissions from the wear of tyres and brakes.

Recalculations

Compared to last year's submission, emission estimates have been revised due to updated mileage data (see super-ordinate chapter). Differences in the relative changes provided for the specific pollutants result from the different emission factors applied for the different vehicle types.

Table : Revised emission estimates for particulate matter, copper and zinc, in [kt]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Black Carbon (BC) - from tyre wear only
current submission 1.619 1.647 1.694 1.809 1.843 1.866 1.882 1.888 1.681 1.699
previous submission 1.619 1.647 1.694 1.808 1.843 1.866 1.882 1.887 1.680 1.697
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002
relative change 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.15%
PM2.5
current submission 5.995 6.590 6.703 6.895 7.361 7.503 7.595 7.662 7.683 6.840 6.918
previous submission 5.995 6.590 6.703 6.894 7.360 7.501 7.594 7.660 7.682 6.838 6.907
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.010
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.15%
PM10
current submission 11.11 12.21 12.42 12.78 13.64 13.90 14.08 14.20 14.24 12.68 12.83
previous submission 11.11 12.21 12.42 12.78 13.64 13.90 14.07 14.20 14.24 12.68 12.81
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.017
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.13%
Total Suspended Particles (TSP)
current submission 12.67 14.71 16.17 16.45 16.92 18.06 18.41 18.64 18.80 18.85 16.78 16.97
previous submission 12.67 14.71 16.17 16.45 16.91 18.06 18.40 18.63 18.79 18.85 16.78 16.95
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.025
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.15%
Copper (Cu)
current submission 0.270 0.313 0.344 0.350 0.360 0.385 0.392 0.397 0.400 0.401 0.357 0.362
previous submission 0.270 0.313 0.344 0.350 0.360 0.384 0.392 0.397 0.400 0.401 0.357 0.361
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.15%
Zinc (Zn)
current submission 0.094 0.108 0.119 0.121 0.125 0.133 0.136 0.137 0.138 0.139 0.123 0.124
previous submission 0.094 0.108 0.119 0.121 0.125 0.133 0.135 0.137 0.138 0.139 0.123 0.124
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.11%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Planned improvements

Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.