Table of Contents

1.A.3.b iv - Road Transport: Mopeds & Motorcycles

Short description

In sub-categories 1.A.3.b iv - Road Transport: Mopeds & Motorcycles emissions from fuel combustion in motorised two-wheelers are reported.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.b iv T1, T3 NS, M CS, M, D

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- NE -/-

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

Specific consumption data for mopeds and motorcycles is generated within the TREMOD model (Knörr, 2023a) 1).

The following table provides an overview of annual amounts of gasoline fuels consumed by motorized two-wheelers in Germany.

Table 1: Annual fuel consumption of mopeds and motorcycles, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
MOPEDS
Gasoline 5,143 3,206 3,223 3,092 3,305 3,438 3,413 3,285 3,245 3,306 3,387 3,046 3,364
Biogasoline 21.4 128 139 139 134 140 136 152 144 156
Ʃ Mopeds 5,143 3,206 3,223 3,113 3,434 3,576 3,552 3,419 3,385 3,442 3,538 3,190 3,520
MOTORCYCLES
Gasoline 17,206 16,634 20,995 19,868 15,672 15,734 15,860 15,727 15,079 15,301 15,192 13,756 14,936
Biogasoline 138 609 635 647 642 653 630 681 648 692
Ʃ Motorcycles 17,206 16,634 20,995 20,006 16,281 16,369 16,507 16,369 15,732 15,931 15,873 14,404 15,629
MOTORIZED 2-WHEELERS: Mopeds & Motorcycles
Gasoline 22,350 19,840 24,218 22,960 18,978 19,171 19,273 19,012 18,324 18,606 18,579 16,802 18,300
Biogasoline 159 737 774 787 776 793 767 833 792 848
Ʃ 1.A.3.b iv 22,350 19,840 24,218 23,119 19,715 19,945 20,060 19,788 19,117 19,373 19,412 17,594 19,148

source: TREMOD 2)

Annual consumption of gasoline fuels

Table 2: Annual mileage of electric mopeds and motorcycles, in [km]

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
e-mopeds 4,893,858 7,081,254 8,286,339 9,349,275 10,473,058 11,684,376 12,603,833 14,405,436 17,202,225 18,705,389 46,436,326
e-motorcycles 14,288,683 19,091,180 23,913,479 28,696,175 33,478,875 38,107,442 42,529,340 47,620,933 53,621,255 53,399,717 78,383,254

Development of mileage of eletricity-powered two-wheelers

For further information on mileage as well as abrasion-related emissions, please refer to sub-chapters on emissions from tyre & brake wear and road abrasion.

Emission factors

The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the 'Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport' (HBEFA, versions 4.1 and 4.2) 3),4) where they are provided on a tier3 level mostly and processed within TREMOD 5).

However, it is not possible to present these highly specific tier3 values in a comprehendible way here.

With respect to the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 1)

For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, default emission factors from the 2019 EMEP Guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2019) 6) have been applied. Regarding PCDD/F, tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) 7) are used instead.

Table 3: Overview of applied EMEP/EEA defaults and other tier1 EF

As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Se Zn PCDD/F B[a]P B[b]F B[k]F I[…]P PAH 1-4
[g/TJ] [µg/km] [mg/TJ]
0.007 0.005 0.145 0.103 0.200 0.053 0.037 0.005 0.758 0.0000027 192.91 215.88 156.17 234.25 799.21

NFR 1.A.3.b iv is no key category.

Since 1990, exhaust emissions of NOx, NMVOC, and CO have decreased due to technical improvements.

Annual nitrogen oxides emissions Annual NMVOC emissions Annual carbon monoxide emissions

As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for sulphur dioxide exhaust emissions from two-wheelers shows charcteristics very different from those shown above: Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities (sulphur content) leads to an cascaded downward trend of emissions , influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage.

Annual sulphur-oxides emissions

Particle emissions result from the comusbtion of gasoline and bioethanol. Here, due to the assumption that nearly all TSP emitted is formed by particles in the PM2.5 range, similar estimates are provided for all three fractions. (Exception: Until 1997, additional TSP emissions from use of leaded gasoline are included.)

Annual particulate matter emissions

Recalculations

Compared to submission 2023, recalculations result mainly from a revision of the underlying National Energy Balances (NEB) for all years as of 2003.

Here, activity data were revised accordingly within TREMOD.

Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data 2003-2021, in terajoules [TJ]

2003 2004 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
GASOLINE
current submission 23,703 22,692 22,960 18,978 19,171 19,273 19,012 18,324 18,606 18,579 16,802
previous submission 23,642 23,504 23,202 19,224 17,895 18,164 18,471 17,704 17,847 18,306 16,625
absolute change 61.5 -811 -242 -247 1,276 1,109 540 620 760 273 177
relative change 0.26% -3.45% -1.04% -1.28% 7.13% 6.11% 2.93% 3.50% 4.26% 1.49% 1.07%
BIOGASOLINE
current submission 25.0 159 737 774 787 776 793 767 833 792
previous submission 25.1 159 743 776 789 779 796 770 836 791
absolute change -0.05 -0.24 -5.54 -2.26 -2.22 -2.49 -2.98 -3.08 -2.81 0.79
relative change -0.19% -0.15% -0.75% -0.29% -0.28% -0.32% -0.37% -0.40% -0.34% 0.10%
TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
current submission 23,703 22,717 23,119 19,715 19,945 20,060 19,788 19,117 19,373 19,412 17,594
previous submission 23,642 23,529 23,361 19,967 18,676 18,959 19,257 18,507 18,625 19,152 17,426
absolute change 61.5 -811 -243 -252 1,269 1,100 531 609 748 260 168
relative change 0.26% -3.45% -1.04% -1.26% 6.79% 5.80% 2.76% 3.29% 4.01% 1.36% 0.96%

Due to the variety of tier3 emission factors applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Planned improvements

Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.

1), 5) Knörr et al. (2023a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2023.
3) Keller et al. (2019): Keller, M., Hausberger, S., Matzer, C., Wüthrich, P., & Notter, B.: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 4.1 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 4.1) URL: https://assets-global.website-files.com/6207922a2acc01004530a67e/625e8c74c30e26e022b319c8_HBEFA41_Development_Report.pdf - Dokumentation, Bern, 2019.
4) Notter et al. (2022): Notter, B., Cox, B., Hausberger, S., Matzer, S., Weller, K., Dippold, M., Politschnig, N., Lipp, S. (IVT TU Graz), Allekotte, M., Knörr, W. (ifeu), André, M. (IFSTTAR), Gagnepain, L. (ADEME), Hult, C., Jerksjö, M. (IVL): Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 4.2 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 4.2) URL: https://assets-global.website-files.com/6207922a2acc01004530a67e/6217584903e9f9b63093c8c0_HBEFA42_Update_Documentation.pdf - Dokumentation, Bern, 2022.
6) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019; https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-b-i/view; Copenhagen, 2019.
7) Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer
1)
During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.