====== 3.D - Agricultural Soils ======
===== Short description =====
^ NFR-Code ^ Name of Category ^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^
| **3.D** | **Agricultural Soils** | | | |
| **consisting of / including source categories** |||||
| [[start#da1_-_inorganic_n-fertilizers|3.D.a.1]] | Inorganic N-fertilizers (includes also urea application) | T2 (NH3), T1 (NOx) | NS, RS | D (NH3), D (NOx) |
| [[start#da2a_-_animal_manure_applied_to_soils|3.D.a.2.a]] | Animal manure applied to soils | T2, T3 (NH3), T1 (NOx) | M | CS (NH3), D (NOx) |
| [[start#da2b_sewage_sludge_applied_to_soils\\|3.D.a.2.b]] | Sewage sludge applied to soils | T1 (NH3, NOx) | NS, RS | D (NH3), D (NOx) |
| [[start#da2c_-_other_organic_fertilizers_applied_to_soils|3.D.a.2.c]] | Other organic fertilisers applied to soils (including compost) | T2 (NOx, NH3) | M | CS |
| [[start#da3_-_urine_and_dung_deposited_by_grazing_animals\\|3.D.a.3]] | Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals | T1 (NH3, NOx) | NS, RS | D |
| [[start#da4_-_crop_residues_applied_to_soil\\|3.D.a.4]] | Crop residues applied to soil | T2 (NH3) | NS, RS | D |
| [[start#dc_-_farm-level_agricultural_operations_including_storage_handling_and_transport_of_agricultural_products|3.D.c]] | Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products | T2 (TSP, PM10, PM2.5) | NS, RS | D |
| 3.D.d | Off-farm storage, handling and transport of bulk agricultural products | NA & NR (Black Carbon only) |||
| [[start#de_-_cultivated_crops|3.D.e]] | Cultivated crops | T2 (NMVOC) | NS, RS | D |
| [[use_of_pesticides|3.D.f]] | Use of pesticides | T2 (HCB) | NS | D |
----
^ ^ NOx ^ NMVOC | SO2 ^ NH3 ^ PM2.5 ^ PM10 ^ TSP | BC | CO | Heavy Metals | PAHs ^ HCB | PCBs |
| 3.D.a.1 ^ L/T | NA | NA ^ L/T | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.a.2.a ^ L/- | IE | NA ^ L/T | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.a.2.b | -/- | NA | NA | -/- | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.a.2.c | -/- | NA | NA ^ L/T | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.a.3 | -/- | IE | NA | -/- | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.a.4 | NA | NA | NA | -/- | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.c | NA | NA | NA | NA | **L/-** ^ L/- ^ L/- | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.e | NA | -/- | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.f | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA ^ -/- | NA |
{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
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===== Country specifics =====
{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils.png?nolink&600}}
==== NH₃ and NOₓ ====
In 2023, agricultural soils emitted 328.7 kt NH3 or 62.4 % of the total agricultural NH3 emissions in Germany (527.0 kt NH3). The main contributions to the total NH3 emissions from agricultural soils are the application of manure (3.D.a.2.a), with 185.0 kt (56.3 %), the application of synthetic N-fertilizers (3.D.a.1) with 61.8 kt (18.8 %), and the application of other organic N-fertilizers (3.D.a.2.c) with 58.4 kt (17.8 %).
N excretions on pastures (3.D.a.3) have a share of 15.1 kt NH3 (4.6 %), emissions from crop residues (3.D.a.4) are 6.9kt NH3 (2.1 %), and the application of sewage sludge (3.D.a.2.b) 1.6 kt NH3 (0.5 %).
In 2023, agricultural soils were the source of 98.3 % (97.8 kt) of the total of NOx emissions in the agricultural category (99.5 kt). The NOx emissions from agricultural soils are primarily due to application of inorganic fertilizer (3.D.a.1) (40.9 kt) and manure (3.D.a.2.a) (36.7 kt) Application of other organic N-fertilizers (3.D.a.2.c) contributes 14.6 kt, 5.2 kt are due to excretions on pastures (3.D.a.3). Emissions from application of sewage sludge (3.D.a.2.b) contribute 0.5 kt.
==== NMVOC ====
In 2023, the category of agricultural soils contributed 9.2 kt NMVOC or 3.1 % to the total agricultural NMVOC emissions in Germany (301.3 kt NMVOC). The only emission source was cultivated crops (3.D.e).
==== TSP, PM₁₀ & PM₂.₅ ====
In 2023, agricultural soils contributed, respectively, 38.8 % (23.7 kt), 67.0 % (23.7 kt) and 33.7 % (1.8 kt) to the total agricultural TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions (61.0 kt, 35.4 kt, 5.4 kt, respectively). The emissions are reported in category 3.D.c (Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products).
=====3.D.a.1 - Inorganic N-fertilizers =====
The calculation of NH3 and NOx (NO) emissions from the application of synthetic fertilizers is described in Vos et al. (2024), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2 1)[(Vos2024)].
==== Activity Data ====
German statistics report the amounts of fertilizers sold which are assumed to equal the amounts that are applied. Since the 2021 submission, storage effects are approximated by applying a moving average to the sales data (moving centered three-year average, for the last year a weighted two-year average, which assigns 2/3 of the weight to the last year). Since the year 2022, data for the sales of urea that is stabilized with urease inhibitor is available. It cannot be published because of data-privacy issues. Therefore, the emissions are calculated and provided by the federal statistical office using the emission factors as described below. The activity data are published in aggregate for urea, urea+inhibitor and nitrogen solutions to maintain confidentiality. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8.
__Table 1: AD for the estimation of NH3 and NOx emissions from application of synthetic fertilizers__
^ Application of inorganic fertilizers in [Gg N] |||||||||||||||
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| Application of fertilizers (total) | 2,195 | 1,723 | 1,922 | 1,797 | 1,635 | 1,736 | 1,731 | 1,622 | 1,499 | 1,404 | 1,327 | 1,245 | 1,123 | 1,037 |
| calcium ammonium nitrate | 1,368 | 1,044 | 982 | 824 | 689 | 618 | 605 | 571 | 543 | 520 | 497 | 470 | 422 | 385 |
| urea and ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL) | 369 | 403 | 508 | 526 | 542 | 590 | 604 | 539 | 460 | 385 | 342 | 318 | 293 | 282 |
| ammonium phosphates | 85 | 55 | 66 | 55 | 64 | 84 | 82 | 77 | 65 | 64 | 58 | 51 | 41 | 35 |
| other NK and NPK | 246 | 162 | 175 | 126 | 63 | 67 | 62 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 47 | 40 | 35 |
| other straight fertilizers | 127 | 60 | 191 | 266 | 277 | 377 | 377 | 381 | 378 | 383 | 379 | 359 | 328 | 300 |
==== Methodology ====
NH3 emissions from the application of synthetic fertilizers are calculated using the Tier 2 approach according to EMEP (2023)-3D-16ff ((EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, EEA Report No 06/2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023.)), distinguishing between various fertilizer types, see Table 2. For NOx, the Tier 1 approach described in EMEP (2023) [10]-3D-15 is applied.
==== Emission factors ====
The emission factors for NH3 depend on fertilizer type, see EMEP (2023)-3D-17. Table 2 lists the EMEP emission factors for the fertilizers used in the inventory. In order to reflect average German conditions, the emission factors for cool climate and a pH value lower than 7 was chosen. For urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the immediate incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards. The NH3 emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards for the immediate incorporation of urea, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)((Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.)). For the use of urease inhibitors the emission factor for urea fertilizer is reduced by 60%. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025)((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapter 5.2.1.2.
__Table 2: Synthetic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH3 per kg fertilizer N__
^ Fertilizer type ^ EF ^
| calcium ammonium nitrate | 0.024 |
| ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL) | 0.087 |
| urea (up to 2019) | 0.195 |
| urea (from 2020 with urease inhibitor) | 0.078 |
| urea (from 2020 if incorporated) | 0.0585 |
| ammonium phosphates | 0.084 |
| other NK and NPK | 0.084 |
| other straight fertilizers | 0.084 |
For NOx, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2023)-3D-13 was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1 has the unit of [kg N2O per kg fertilizer N] and was derived from ((Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228.)).
The German inventory uses the emission factor 0.012 kg NO-N per kg N derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006) directly. This is equivalent to an emission factor of 0.03943 kg NOx per kg fertilizer N (obtained by multiplying 0.012 kg NO-N per kg N with the molar weight ratio 46/14 for NO2: NO). The inventory uses the unrounded emission factor.
__Table 3: Emission factor for NOx emissions from fertilizer application__
^ Emission factor ^ kg NO-N per kg fertilizer N ^ kg NOx per kg fertilizer N ^
| EFfert | 0.012 | 0.039 |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
Since 2016, fertilizer sales have fallen dramatically (by around a third). Emissions have fallen accordingly. This is even more pronounced for NH3 than for NOx, as total NH3 from the application of mineral fertilizers is, until the year 2019, very strongly correlated with the amount of urea applied (R2 = 0.72), the sales of which have decreased more than for all other mineral fertilizers. Since 2020 the negative trend is reinforced as urea fertilizer have to be either used with urease inhibitors or have to be incorporated into the soil directly, which reduces emissions.
==== Recalculations ====
Table REC-1 shows the effects of recalculations on NH3 and NOx emissions. The enormous differences for NH3 emissions are due to the use of the new EMEP (2023)((EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, EEA Report No 06/2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023.)) emission factors (**recalculation No. 1**). Concerning NOx, emissions differences only occur in 2022, resulting from applying the moving average to sales data (see activity data).
__Table 4: Comparison of NH3 and NOx emissions [kt] with previous submission__
^ NH3 and NOx emissions from fertilizer application, in Gg ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| ^ | | | | | | | | | | | | | ^ ^
^ **Ammonia** | current | 129.55 | 102.80 | 130.65 | 134.39 | 136.77 | 155.61 | 157.68 | 144.31 | 128.19 | 114.66 | 77.56 | 73.59 | 67.18 | 61.79 |
| ::: | previous | 78.71 | 69.55 | 85.64 | 86.36 | 88.43 | 97.89 | 99.73 | 89.25 | 76.79 | 65.63 | 36.64 | 35.02 | 33.44 | |
| ::: | absolute change | 50.83 | 33.25 | 45.01 | 48.03 | 48.34 | 57.73 | 57.95 | 55.06 | 51.40 | 49.03 | 40.92 | 38.57 | 33.73 | |
| ::: | relative change [%] | 64.58 | 47.80 | 52.56 | 55.62 | 54.66 | 58.97 | 58.10 | 61.69 | 66.94 | 74.71 | 111.70 | 110.13 | 100.87 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
^ **Nitrogen oxides** | current | 86.53 | 67.93 | 75.77 | 70.84 | 64.48 | 68.46 | 68.24 | 63.95 | 59.11 | 55.34 | 52.31 | 49.08 | 44.29 | 40.89 |
| ::: | previous | 86.53 | 67.93 | 75.77 | 70.84 | 64.48 | 68.46 | 68.24 | 63.95 | 59.11 | 55.34 | 52.31 | 49.08 | 45.46 | |
| ::: | absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -1.18 | |
| ::: | relative change [%] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -2.59 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.a.2.a - Animal manure applied to soils =====
In this sub-category Germany reports the NH3 and NOx (NO) emissions from application of manure (including application of anaerobically digested manure). An overview is given in Rösemann et al. (2025)((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2.
Germany uses the Tier 2 methodology for estimating NMVOC emissions for cattle in sector 3.B (manure management). The use of this methodology yields NMVOC emissions which formally could be reported in the sectors 3.D.a.2.a and 3.D.a.3 (grazing emissions). However, to be congruent with the NMVOC emissions for other animal categories, Germany reports these emissions in the NMVOC emissions reported from manure management (3.B). For the NFR codes 3.D.a.2.a and 3.D.a.3 the notation key IE is used for NMVOC emissions.
==== Activity data ====
The calculation of the amount of N in manure applied is based on the N mass flow approach (see 3.B). It is the total of N excreted by animals in the housing and the N imported with bedding material minus N losses by emissions of N species from housing and storage. Hence, the amount of total N includes the N contained in anaerobically digested manures to be applied to the field.
The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are described in Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapter 2.5. The frequencies are provided. in the NID 2025((NID (2025): National Inventory Report 2025 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2022. Available in April 2025.)), Chapter 17.3.1.
__Table 5: AD for the estimation of NH3 and NOx emissions from application of manure__
^ Application of manure in [kt N] ||||||||||||| |
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 1,165 | 1,032 | 1,007 | 978 | 980 | 1,020 | 1,014 | 1,010 | 996 | 989 | 980 | 956 | 930 | 930 |
==== Methodology ====
NH3 emissions from manure application are calculated separately for each animal species in the mass flow approach by multiplying the respective TAN amount with NH3 emission factors for the various manure application techniques. For details see [[sector:agriculture:manure_management:start|[3-b-manure-management 3.B]]] and Rösemann et al. (2025)((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapter 5.2.1.2. For NOx emissions from manure application the inventory calculates NO-N emissions (see Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapter 5.2.2.2, that are subsequently converted into NOx emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/14. The Tier 1 approach for the application of synthetic fertilizer as described in EMEP (2023)-3D-13 is used.
==== Emission factors ====
The following table shows the time series of the overall German NH3 IEF defined as the ratio of total NH3-N emission from manure application to the total amount of N spread with manure.
__Table 6: IEF for NH3–N from application of manure__
^ IEF in [kg NH3-N per kg N in applied manure] ||||||||||||||
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 0.227 | 0.212 | 0.204 | 0.190 | 0.183 | 0.174 | 0.172 | 0.170 | 0.167 | 0.165 | 0.161 | 0.162 | 0.165 | 0.164 |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
Both NH3 and NOx emissions from the application of animal manures are key sources. Total NOx is calculated proportionally to the total N in the manures applied which decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1991 due to the decline in animal numbers following the German reunification (reduction of livestock numbers in Eastern Germany). In the 1990s and 2000s this was followed by a weakened decline in animal manure amounts. From 2010 to 2014 there was a slight increase and since then the amount of N in manure applied has been declining again, see Table 6. The NOx emissions follow these trends. For total NH3 emissions there is a negative trend. This is due to the decreasing amounts of animal manures and the increasing use of application practices with lower NH3 emission factors.
==== Recalculations ====
For all years, the total emissions of NH3 and NOx from application of manure are slightly higher than those of last year’s submission.
These differences are predominantly caused by a higher estimate of manure N, which is applied, compared to the last submission. Many of the recalculations have an effect on this. The two most important ones are **No. 3** (lower NH3 emission factors for cattle and pig housing result in more N available for spreading) and **No. 4** (correction of horse numbers by a factor of 2.75), both of which increase emissions see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation reasons.
Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapter 1.3.
__Table 7: Comparison of NH3 and NOx emissions [kt] with previous submission__
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Ammonia** ^ current | 320.57 | 265.78 | 249.01 | 225.69 | 217.80 | 215.60 | 211.87 | 208.09 | 202.39 | 197.93 | 192.18 | 188.44 | 185.70 | 185.00 |
| ::: ^ previous | 286.21 | 232.97 | 220.16 | 199.38 | 193.95 | 191.94 | 188.84 | 185.61 | 180.61 | 176.70 | 171.37 | 168.12 | 165.79 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 34.37 | 32.82 | 28.85 | 26.31 | 23.85 | 23.66 | 23.03 | 22.48 | 21.79 | 21.23 | 20.81 | 20.31 | 19.91 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 12.01 | 14.09 | 13.11 | 13.20 | 12.30 | 12.33 | 12.20 | 12.11 | 12.06 | 12.02 | 12.15 | 12.08 | 12.01 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Nitrogen oxides** ^ current | 45.94 | 40.69 | 39.69 | 38.54 | 38.63 | 40.23 | 39.98 | 39.81 | 39.26 | 38.98 | 38.66 | 37.68 | 36.65 | 36.65 |
| ::: ^ previous | 44.59 | 38.90 | 38.23 | 37.05 | 37.25 | 38.81 | 38.57 | 38.39 | 37.83 | 37.52 | 37.19 | 36.22 | 35.22 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 1.35 | 1.79 | 1.46 | 1.49 | 1.38 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.43 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 1.46 | 1.43 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 3.04 | 4.60 | 3.83 | 4.02 | 3.72 | 3.66 | 3.65 | 3.70 | 3.79 | 3.88 | 3.95 | 4.02 | 4.06 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.a.2.b – Sewage sludge applied to soils =====
The calculation of NH3 and NOx (NO) emissions from application of sewage sludge is described in Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2.
==== Activity data ====
N quantities from application of sewage sludge were calculated from data of the German Environment Agency and (since 2009) from data of the Federal Statistical Office.
__Table 8: AD for the estimation of NH3 and NOx emissions from application of sewage sludge__
^ Application of sewage sludge in [kt N] ||||||||||||| |
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 27 | 35 | 33 | 27 | 26 | 19 | 19 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
==== Methodology ====
A Tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2023, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1). NH3 and NOx emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors.
==== Emission factors ====
EMEP (2023)-3.D, Table 3-1 provides a Tier 1 emission factor for NH3 (0.13 kg NH3 per kg N applied) emissions from application of sewage sludge. The German inventory uses the equivalent emission factor in NH3-N units which is 0.11 kg NH3-N per kg N applied (cf. the derivation of the emission factor described in the appendix of EMEP (2023)-3D, page 35). For NOx the same emission factor like for the application of synthetic fertilizer was used (see Table 3).
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
NH3 and NOx emissions from the application of sewage sludge are no key sources.
==== Recalculations ====
There were no recalculations concerning sewage sludge except the replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2022 with data from the Federal Statistical Office. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.
__Table 9: Comparison of NH3 and NOx emissions [kt] with previous submission__
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Ammonia** ^ current | 3.66 | 4.71 | 4.40 | 3.66 | 3.51 | 2.52 | 2.51 | 1.87 | 1.78 | 2.14 | 1.85 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.61 |
| ::: ^ previous | 3.66 | 4.71 | 4.40 | 3.66 | 3.51 | 2.52 | 2.51 | 1.87 | 1.78 | 2.14 | 1.85 | 1.61 | 1.61 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Nitrogen oxides** ^ current | 1.08 | 1.39 | 1.30 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.48 |
| ::: ^ previous | 1.08 | 1.39 | 1.30 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.47 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.a.2.c - Other organic fertilizers applied to soils =====
This sub category contains the total of Germany’s NH3 and NOx (NO) emissions from application of
- residues from digested energy crops,
- residues from digested waste,
- compost from biowaste,
- compost from green waste, and
- imported animal manures.
For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2.
==== Activity data ====
Activity data is the amount of N in residues from anaerobic digestion of energy crops and waste and of compost from biowaste and green waste when leaving storage, as well as the amount of N in imported animal manures. For energy crops this is the N contained in the energy crops when being fed into the digestion process minus the N losses by emissions of N species from the storage of the residues (see 3.I). N losses from pre-storage are negligible and there are no N losses from fermenter (see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.1). For residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste the amount of N was derived from the waste statistics of the Federal Statistical Office (see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8). For imported manure the amounts of N were derived from statistics published by CBS (Statistics Netherlands) and RVO (Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland) The imported manure is categorized into cattle slurry, pig slurry, poultry manure, horse manure and mixed solid manure. Only imported manures from The Netherlands are taken into account, as for other countries the amounts of imported manures are unknown as are the amounts of exported manure. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8.
__Table 10: AD for the estimation of NH3 and NOx emissions emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__
^ ^ Application of other organic fertilizers in kt N ||||||||||||||
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| Residues, digested energy crops | 0.05 | 0.59 | 5.12 | 43.36 | 158.69 | 289.08 | 287.80 | 283.33 | 279.45 | 279.98 | 286.48 | 281.57 | 302.37 | 302.37 |
| Residues, digested waste | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 4.97 | 10.46 | 15.05 | 13.97 | 13.79 | 14.00 | 13.75 | 13.40 | 15.13 | 15.62 | 16.83 |
| Compost, biowaste | 4.51 | 19.54 | 31.87 | 28.82 | 22.64 | 22.59 | 23.34 | 21.90 | 25.14 | 24.31 | 25.42 | 22.98 | 23.10 | 20.87 |
| Compost, greenwaste | 1.13 | 4.90 | 7.67 | 9.46 | 11.27 | 13.67 | 14.29 | 14.87 | 14.92 | 15.89 | 16.74 | 15.95 | 15.93 | 14.99 |
| Imported manure | 5.19 | 19.26 | 15.56 | 21.48 | 27.41 | 27.53 | 30.26 | 26.95 | 22.17 | 20.82 | 17.75 | 14.95 | 14.99 | 15.44 |
^ TOTAL ^ 10.87 ^ 44.30 ^ 61.77 ^ 108.09 ^ 230.47 ^ 367.92 ^ 369.65 ^ 360.83 ^ 355.67 ^ 354.76 ^ 359.80 ^ 350.58 ^ 372.01 ^ 370.50 ^
==== Methodology ====
The NH3 emissions are calculated the same way as the NH3 emissions from application of animal manure (3.D.a.2.a). The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are provided e. g. in the NID 2025, Chapter 17.3.1. It is assumed that residues of digested waste are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as residues from digested energy crops. For compost from biowaste and green waste it is assumed that they are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as cattle solid manure. The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested energy crops applied are obtained from the calculations of emissions from the storage of the digested energy crops (3.I). The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste are derived from industry data (provided by Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost, BGK). For the imported manures it is assumed that the different imported manure types (see above) were applied in the same way as the corresponding domestic animal manure types. Mixed manure was treated like solid manure from goats, sheep and horses. Corresponding TAN contents were derived from publications of the German federal states. As published TAN contents vary strongly, for each imported manure type the maximum of published TAN contents was assumed to prevent an underestimation of the NH3 emissions. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8.
For NOx emissions the Tier 1 approach for the application of synthetic fertilizer as described in EMEP (2023)-3D-13 is used. The inventory calculates NO emissions that are subsequently converted into NOx emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/30.
==== Emission factors ====
For NH3 the emission factors for untreated cattle slurry were adopted for residues from digested energy crops and residues from waste. The emission factors for cattle solid manure were adopted for compost from biowaste and compost from green waste, see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. For imported manures the corresponding emission factors of the same type of domestic manure were used.
As the NOx method for fertilizer application is used for the calculation of NOx emissions from the application of residues, the emission factor for fertilizer application was used (see Table 3).
__Table 11: IEF for NH3-N emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__
^ ^ IEF in kg NH3-N per kg N of other organic fertilizers ||||||||||||||
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| Residues, digested energy crops | 0.182 | 0.182 | 0.183 | 0.183 | 0.183 | 0.153 | 0.150 | 0.147 | 0.144 | 0.141 | 0.139 | 0.139 | 0.140 | 0.140 |
| Residues, digested waste | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.192 | 0.193 | 0.193 | 0.171 | 0.164 | 0.156 | 0.163 | 0.162 | 0.163 | 0.162 | 0.160 | 0.157 |
| Compost, biowaste | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 0.037 | 0.033 |
| Compost, greenwaste | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 |
| Imported manure | 0.209 | 0.204 | 0.201 | 0.185 | 0.175 | 0.153 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.147 | 0.147 | 0.143 | 0.144 | 0.145 | 0.152 |
^ TOTAL ^ 0.120 ^ 0.109 ^ 0.092 ^ 0.130 ^ 0.160 ^ 0.141 ^ 0.138 ^ 0.135 ^ 0.131 ^ 0.129 ^ 0.127 ^ 0.127 ^ 0.129 ^ 0.130 ^
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
The application of other organic fertilizers is a key source for NH3. Emissions are dominated by the emissions from digested energy crops. They have become important since about 2005 and have risen sharply until 2013. Since then, they have changed little each year and tend to decrease slightly in the last few years. The latter is mostly due to the increasing use of application practices with lower NH3 emission factors.
==== Recalculations ====
Recalculations after 2013 are mainly due to the update of activity data. Concerning NH3 emissions, small differences occur in all years. This is because the underlying spatial distribution of imported manure is different, which results in different IEFs compared to last year’s submission. Another reason is the interpolation of RAUMIS distribution data before 1999 (see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation **reasons, 19, 20 and 21**, and Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3).
__Table 12: Comparison of NH3 and NOx emissions from application of other organic fertilizers [kt] with previous submission__
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2013 ^ 2014 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
^ **Ammonia** | current | 1.58 | 5.87 | 6.89 | 17.02 | 44.70 | 63.07 | 61.72 | 59.21 | 56.73 | 55.57 | 55.40 | 54.25 | 58.24 | 58.35 |
| ::: | previous | 1.55 | 5.89 | 6.90 | 17.03 | 44.69 | 63.03 | 61.69 | 59.17 | 56.51 | 55.28 | 55.04 | 53.83 | 54.21 | |
| ::: | absolute change | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 4.03 | |
| ::: | relative change [%] | 1.57 | -0.36 | -0.10 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.78 | 7.43 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
^ **Nitrogen oxides** | current | 0.20 | 1.75 | 2.44 | 4.26 | 9.09 | 14.51 | 14.57 | 14.23 | 14.02 | 13.99 | 14.19 | 13.82 | 14.67 | 14.61 |
| ::: | previous | 0.20 | 1.75 | 2.44 | 4.26 | 9.09 | 14.50 | 14.57 | 14.22 | 13.97 | 13.93 | 14.12 | 13.75 | 13.92 | |
| ::: | absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.75 | |
| ::: | relative change [%] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 5.35 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.a.3 - Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals =====
The calculation of NH3 and NOx (NO) emissions from N excretions on pasture is described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapters 5.2.1.1 and 5.2.2.1.
==== Activity data ====
Activity data for NH3 emissions during grazing is the amount of TAN excreted on pasture, while for NOx emissions it is the amount of N excreted.
The TAN excretions are derived by multiplying the share of N excretion on pastures with the N excretions and TAN contents provided in 3.B, Table 2.
__Table 13: Shares of N excretions on pasture, in [%]__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
^ Dairy cows | 20.3 | 15.6 | 12.7 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
^ Other cattle | 15.1 | 17.3 | 18.9 | 19.0 | 19.6 | 20.5 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 21.7 |
^ Sheep | 55.1 | 55.5 | 55.1 | 55.4 | 54.8 | 55.4 | 55.4 | 55.4 | 55.6 | 55.5 | 55.4 | 55.5 | 55.8 | 55.6 |
^ Goats | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 |
^ Horses | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 |
^ Laying hens | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 |
^ Deer | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
^ Ostriches | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 |
==== Methodology ====
NH3 emissions from grazing are calculated by multiplying the respective animal population (3.B, Table 1) with corresponding N excretions and relative TAN contents (3.B, Table 2) and the fraction of N excreted on pasture (Table 13). The result is multiplied with the animal specific emission factor (Table 14). NO emissions are calculated the same way with the exception that the emission factor is related to N excreted instead of TAN.
==== Emission Factors ====
The emission factors for NH3 are taken from EMEP (2023)-3B-29, Table 3.9. They relate to the amount of TAN excreted on pasture. For laying hens, deer and ostriches there are no emission factors given in this table. Germany uses for laying hens an emission factor of 0.35 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted, based on an expert judgement from KTBL (see Rösemann et al. 2025, Chapter 5.2.1.1). The same EF is used by UK. It was also used for ostriches. For deer the emission factor of sheep was adopted.
Following the intention of EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1, the inventory uses for NOx the same emission factor as for the application of synthetic fertilizer (see Table 3). In order to obtain NOx emissions (as NO2) the NO-N emission factor of 0.12 kg NO-N per kg N excreted is multiplied by 46/14.
__Table 14: Emission factors for emissions of NH3 and NO from grazing__
| Dairy cows | 0.14 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Other cattle | 0.14 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Horses | 0.35 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Sheep, goats | 0.09 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Laying hens | 0.35 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Deer | 0.09 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| Ostriches | 0.35 kg NH3-N per kg TAN excreted |
| All animals | 0.012 kg NO-N per kg N excreted |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
Emissions from urine and dung deposited by grazing animals are no key sources.
==== Recalculations ====
For all years, totals of NH3 and NOx emissions from grazing are slightly higher than those of last year’s submission.
The main reason for that is the correction of the horse animal numbers by a factor of 2.75 (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, **No. 4)**. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.
__Table 15: Comparison of NH3 and NOx emissions [kt] with previous submission__
| ^ NH3 and NOx emissions from grazing, in Gg |||||||||||||||
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Ammonia** ^ current | 24.58 | 21.15 | 18.79 | 17.00 | 16.26 | 15.94 | 15.73 | 15.56 | 15.33 | 15.19 | 15.00 | 14.85 | 14.93 | 15.09 |
| ::: ^ previous | 22.37 | 18.35 | 16.55 | 14.73 | 14.19 | 13.94 | 13.76 | 13.57 | 13.33 | 13.17 | 12.96 | 12.75 | 12.78 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 2.21 | 2.80 | 2.24 | 2.28 | 2.07 | 2.01 | 1.98 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 2.02 | 2.03 | 2.10 | 2.15 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 9.86 | 15.25 | 13.55 | 15.46 | 14.56 | 14.39 | 14.37 | 14.68 | 15.04 | 15.33 | 15.67 | 16.43 | 16.86 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Nitrogen oxides** ^ current | 8.84 | 7.38 | 6.66 | 6.00 | 5.72 | 5.55 | 5.47 | 5.40 | 5.30 | 5.24 | 5.17 | 5.11 | 5.11 | 5.17 |
| ::: ^ previous | 8.50 | 6.95 | 6.31 | 5.64 | 5.40 | 5.24 | 5.17 | 5.09 | 4.99 | 4.93 | 4.86 | 4.78 | 4.78 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.33 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 4.01 | 6.23 | 5.50 | 6.24 | 5.91 | 5.92 | 5.92 | 6.05 | 6.21 | 6.33 | 6.47 | 6.78 | 7.01 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.a.4 - Crop residues applied to soil =====
The calculation of NH3 from crop residues is described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.1.3. According to EMEP (2023) NH3 emissions are only occurring in a significant amount from crop residues on the soil surface, which are present more than three days and have an N content of more than 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. This means that there are no NH3 emissions from most crop residues of the most commonly used crops in Germany. The major source of the emissions are residues of grassland cuts.
==== Activity data ====
The NH3 emissions are calculated proportionally to the amounts of N stored in the above-ground biomass, according to EMEP (2023).This requires the knowledge of the areas of cultivation, of crop yields and of the N contents of the above ground crop residues.
__Table 16: AD for the estimation of NH3 emissions from crop residues__
^ N in aboveground crop residues in Gg N ||||||||||||||
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 433 | 431 | 468 | 479 | 461 | 467 | 465 | 493 | 397 | 439 | 449 | 472 | 460 | 471 |
==== Methodology ====
According to EMEP (2023) the NH3 emissions from crop residues can be neglected when the crop residues are on the field for less than three days. Thus the first step in the emission calculation is determining which share of the crop residues of each crop are incorporated into the soil or removed in the first three days after harvesting the crop. The remaining amounts are multiplied with their respective N contents and the resulting amounts of N are then multiplied with the NH3-emission factor.
==== Emission factors ====
According to the methodology given in EMEP (2023) the emission factor for the NH3 emissions from crop residues applied to the soil is zero if the N content of the above ground crop residues is below or equal to the threshold of 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. In all other cases the NH3 emission factor is determined using the following linear regression, see EMEP (2023):
EF_//NH//3x=(410×Nabove dmx -5.42)÷100
Where x is the according crop and Nabove dm is the N content of the above ground dry matter.
The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NH3-N emissions from crop residues to the total N in aboveground crop residues.
__Table 17: IEF for NH3-N emissions from crop residues__
^ IEF in kg NH3-N per kg N in aboveground crop residues ||||||||||||||
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
NH3 emissions from crop residues are no key source.
==== Recalculations ====
There are no recalculations because this source is reported the first time.
__Table 18: Comparison of NH3 emissions [kt] with previous submission__
| | ^ NH3 emissions from crop residues, in Gg ||||||||||||||
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| NH3 | current | 8.70 | 7.32 | 7.14 | 7.06 | 6.55 | 6.43 | 6.95 | 7.11 | 5.47 | 6.27 | 6.51 | 7.35 | 6.62 | 6.89 |
| ::: | previous | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products =====
In this category Germany reports TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-22. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4.
==== Activity data ====
The activity data is the total area of agricultural land (arable land, grassland and horticultural land) including areas with cover crops. This data is provided by official statistics.
__Table 19: Agricultural land (including areas with cover crops), in [1000*ha]__
^ Agricultural land (including areas with cover crops) in 1000*ha ||||||||||||||
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 17,542 | 16,285 | 16,457 | 16,555 | 17,010 | 17,447 | 17,484 | 17,532 | 17,509 | 17,559 | 17,498 | 17,431 | 17,386 | 17,367 |
==== Methodology ====
The Tier 2 methodology used is described in EMEP (2023)-3D-22.
==== Emission factors ====
Emission factors given in EMEP (2023)-3D-18, Tables 3.6 and 3.8 are used with the exception of „Harvesting“ PM10-factors for Wheat, Rye, Barley and Oat which were taken from the Danish IIR. These Guidebook-EFs are obviously too high by a factor of 10 and were corrected in the Danish IIR.
The missing default-EFs for „other arable“ in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook were replaced with the average of the EFs of wheat, rye, barley and oat, as it was done in the Danish IIR. The PM10 EFs were also used as TSP EFs. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). For details on country specific numbers of agricultural crop operations see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4.
__Table 20: Implied emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils, in kg ha-1__
| ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
^ TSP | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 |
^ PM10 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.39 | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 |
^ PM2.5 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
TSP and PM10 are key sources. Emissions depend on the areas covered, crop types and number of crop operations. With the exception of the numbers of soil cultivations, which is slightly decreasing, these data are relatively constant. Overall this is reflected in a slight decline of emissions in the last 12 years.
==== Recalculations ====
For all years, totals of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions are higher than those of last year’s submission. This is mostly due to the introduction of cover crops to the calculation method (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, No. 2). Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.
__Table 21: Comparison of particle emissions (TSP, PM10 & PM2.5) [kt] with previous submission__
^ TSP, PM10, PM2.5 emissions from crop production, in Gg ||||||||||||||||
| ^ Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICLES (TSP)** ^ current | 24.88 | 22.99 | 23.38 | 23.27 | 23.64 | 24.06 | 24.03 | 24.07 | 23.92 | 23.94 | 23.73 | 23.70 | 23.71 | 23.69 |
| ::: ^ previous | 23.45 | 21.67 | 22.13 | 22.01 | 22.02 | 21.81 | 21.65 | 21.61 | 21.38 | 21.32 | 21.04 | 21.00 | 21.02 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 1.43 | 1.32 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.63 | 2.25 | 2.38 | 2.46 | 2.54 | 2.62 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 2.69 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 6.09 | 6.09 | 5.66 | 5.70 | 7.38 | 10.32 | 10.98 | 11.37 | 11.86 | 12.26 | 12.81 | 12.83 | 12.82 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **PM10** ^ current | 24.88 | 22.99 | 23.38 | 23.27 | 23.64 | 24.06 | 24.03 | 24.07 | 23.92 | 23.94 | 23.73 | 23.70 | 23.71 | 23.69 |
| ::: ^ previous | 23.45 | 21.67 | 22.13 | 22.01 | 22.02 | 21.81 | 21.65 | 21.61 | 21.38 | 21.32 | 21.04 | 21.00 | 21.02 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 1.43 | 1.32 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.63 | 2.25 | 2.38 | 2.46 | 2.54 | 2.62 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 2.69 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 6.09 | 6.09 | 5.66 | 5.70 | 7.38 | 10.32 | 10.98 | 11.37 | 11.86 | 12.26 | 12.81 | 12.83 | 12.82 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **PM2.5** ^ current | 1.90 | 1.78 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 1.87 | 1.88 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.85 | 1.84 | 1.81 | 1.81 | 1.82 | 1.82 |
| ::: ^ previous | 1.81 | 1.70 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.74 | 1.72 | 1.72 | 1.69 | 1.68 | 1.65 | 1.65 | 1.66 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 4.92 | 4.84 | 4.42 | 4.41 | 5.73 | 8.06 | 8.61 | 8.92 | 9.37 | 9.74 | 10.22 | 10.22 | 10.16 | |
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
===== 3.D.e - Cultivated crops =====
In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-21. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.3.
==== Activity data ====
The //total area of arable land and grassland// applied as activity data is provided by official statistics.
__Table 22: Arable land and grassland, in [1000 ha]__
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 16,506 | 15,312 | 15,498 | 15,561 | 15,734 | 15,719 | 15,662 | 15,647 | 15,570 | 15,563 | 15,447 | 15,376 | 15,336 | 15,322 |
==== Methodology ====
The Tier 2 methodology described in EMEP (2023)-3D-21ff is used.
==== Emission Factors ====
The emission factors for wheat, rye, rape and grass (15°C) given in EMEP (2023)-3D-21, Table 3.4 were used. For all grassland areas the grass (15°C) EF is used, for all other crops except rye and rape the EF of wheat is used.
The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NMVOC emissions from cultivated crops to the total area given by activity data.
__Table 23: IEF for NMVOC emissions from crop production, in [kg ha-1]__
^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.60 |
==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
NMVOC emissions from crop production are no key sources.
==== Recalculations ====
There were no recalculations. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.
__Table 24: Comparison of NMVOC emissions [kt] with previous submission__
| | Submission ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^
| NMVOC ^ current submission | 7.69 | 8.19 | 8.79 | 9.17 | 9.53 | 9.91 | 9.69 | 9.74 | 7.82 | 8.56 | 9.16 | 9.44 | 8.91 | 9.23 |
| ::: ^ previous submission | 7.69 | 8.19 | 8.79 | 9.17 | 9.53 | 9.91 | 9.69 | 9.74 | 7.82 | 8.56 | 9.16 | 9.44 | 8.91 | |
| ::: ^ absolute change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| ::: ^ relative change [%] | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
==== Planned improvements ====
No improvements are planned at present.
==== Uncertainty ====
Details are described in [[general:uncertainty_evaluation:start|chapter 1.7]].