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1.A.4.c ii (b) - Off-road Vehicles and other Machinery: Forestry

Short description

Under sub-category 1.A.4.c ii (b) fuel combustion activities and resulting emissions from off-road vehicles and mobile machinery used in forestry are reported.

NFR-Code Source category Method AD EF Key Category Analysis
1.A.4.c ii (b) Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery: Forestry T1, T2 NS, M CS, D, M see superordinate chapter

Methodology

Activity data

Primary activity data (PAD) are taken from National Energy Balances (NEBs) line 67: 'Commercial, trade, services and other consumers' (AGEB, 2024) 1).

Following the deduction of energy inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, 2024) 2), the remaining amounts of gasoline and diesel oil are apportioned onto off-road construction vehicles (NFR 1.A.2.g vii) and off-road vehicles in commercial/institutional use (1.A.4. ii) as well as agriculture and forestry (NFR 1.A.4.c ii) based upon annual shares derived from TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2024b) 3) (cf. NFR 1.A.4 - mobile).

Table 1: Annual contribution of forestry vehicles and mobile machinery to the primary fuel delivery data provided in NEB line 67

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
DIESEL FUELS 1.91% 0.63% 0.87% 1.13% 1.56% 1.70% 1.54% 1.57% 1.70% 1.86% 2.21% 2.14% 1.97% 1.68%
GASOLINE FUELS 68.5% 40.3% 44.9% 41.4% 35.5% 32.0% 29.1% 28.9% 32.1% 32.9% 36.5% 36.6% 36.2% 33.8%

source: own estimates based on TREMOD MM

Table 2: Annual mobile fuel consumption in forestry, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Diesel Oil 2,134 615 831 923 1,381 1,753 1,624 1,674 1,760 1,969 2,307 2,275 2,014 1,690
Gasoline 3,093 3,005 3,324 3,029 3,600 2,855 2,506 2,439 2,731 2,886 3,181 3,265 3,184 2,937
Biodiesel 61.4 108 97.4 88.0 91.2 99.3 112 189 160 140 125
Biogasoline 21.0 60.9 116 102 98.6 118 119 143 154 148 139
Ʃ 1.A.4.c ii (ii) 5,227 3,620 4,155 4,035 5,150 4,822 4,319 4,303 4,708 5,086 5,819 5,853 5,485 4,892

Emission factors

The emission factors used here are of rather different quality: For all main pollutants, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, annually changing values computed within TREMOD MM (Knörr et al. (2024b)) 4) are used, representing the development of mitigation technologies and th effect of fuel-quality legislation.

Table 3: Annual coutry-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM1

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
DIESEL FUELS
NH3 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
NMVOC 191 156 130 80.2 46.5 27.7 24.1 20.6 17.5 14.7 12.2 10.1 8.3
NOx 981 1,052 1,071 834 543 373 343 310 282 255 229 203 177
SOx 79.6 60.5 14.0 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC5 84.5 60.7 41.7 27.7 21.6 16.2 14.6 13.1 11.7 10.4 9.03 7.72 6.43
PM4 155 111 75.8 45.3 30.4 20.8 18.6 16.7 14.9 13.2 11.6 10.0 8.55
CO 688 618 554 395 282 214 194 173 153 134 116 99.4 84.1
GASOLINE FUELS
NH3 0.075 0.083 0.083 0.086 0.087 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092
NMVOC2 5,819 5,099 5,099 5,320 5,424 2,897 2,897 2,897 2,897 2,901 2,910 2,915 2,915
NMVOC3 3.04 6.37 4.67 4.56 4.83 5.00 5.32 5.19 4.30 4.03 3.46 3.35 3.53
NOx 42.7 49.4 49.4 76.4 86.0 55.1 55.1 55.1 55.1 55.1 55.1 55.1 55.1
SOx 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC5 5.09 3.73 3.73 3.86 3.91 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13
PM4 102 74.6 74.6 77.2 78.1 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7 82.7
TSP6 2.35 0.82 leaded gasoline banned as of 1997
CO 16,824 14,796 14,796 15,371 15,609 16,514 16,514 16,514 16,514 16,514 16,514 16,514 16,514
Pb 1.47 0.52 leaded gasoline banned as of 1997

1 due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels
2 from fuel combustion
3 from gasoline evaporation
4 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5)
5 estimated via a f-BCs as provided in 5), Chapter 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, b ii, c ii, 1.A.5.b i - Non-road, note to Table 3-1: Tier 1 emission factors for off-road machinery
6 from leaded gasoline (until 1997)

With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 1)

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Recalculations

Revisions in activity data result from slightly revised annual shares adapted EBZ 67 shares as well as the implementation of primary activity data from the now finalised NEB 2022.

Table 6: Revised annual shares of NEB line 67, in %

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
DIESEL FUELS
currents submission 0.019 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.022 0.021 0.020
previous submission 0.019 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.027 0.028 0.025
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.007 -0.005
relative change -2.16% -0.70% 0.00% 0.00% 0.35% -8.32% -14.0% -16.0% -18.9% -20.3% -19.4% -24.1% -21.0%
GASOLINE FUELS
currents submission 0.685 0.403 0.449 0.414 0.355 0.320 0.291 0.289 0.321 0.329 0.365 0.366 0.362
previous submission 0.685 0.403 0.449 0.414 0.355 0.333 0.316 0.319 0.358 0.368 0.403 0.408 0.404
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.013 -0.025 -0.029 -0.037 -0.038 -0.039 -0.041 -0.042
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -3.91% -8.04% -9.21% -10.2% -10.4% -9.6% -10.2% -10.3%

Table 5: Revised activity data, in terajoules [TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
DIESEL FUELS
current submission 2,134 615 831 985 1,489 1,851 1,712 1,765 1,859 2,081 2,496 2,435 2,153
previous submission 2,181 620 831 985 1,484 2,019 1,991 2,102 2,293 2,611 3,095 3,206 2,730
absolute change -47.2 -4.34 0.00 -0.01 5.22 -168 -280 -337 -434 -530 -599 -771 -577
relative change -2.16% -0.70% 0.00% 0.00% 0.35% -8.32% -14.0% -16.0% -18.9% -20.3% -19.4% -24.1% -21.1%
GASOLINE FUELS
current submission 3,093 3,005 3,324 3,050 3,661 2,971 2,608 2,538 2,849 3,005 3,323 3,418 3,331
previous submission 3,093 3,005 3,324 3,050 3,661 3,092 2,836 2,795 3,173 3,355 3,675 3,805 3,731
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -121 -228 -257 -324 -350 -352 -387 -400
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -3.91% -8.04% -9.21% -10.2% -10.4% -9.6% -10.2% -10.7%
OVER-ALL FUEL CONSUMPTION
current submission 5,227 3,620 4,155 4,035 5,150 4,822 4,319 4,303 4,708 5,086 5,819 5,853 5,485
previous submission 5,274 3,624 4,155 4,035 5,145 5,111 4,827 4,897 5,466 5,966 6,770 7,011 6,462
absolute change -47.2 -4.34 0.00 -0.01 5.22 -289 -508 -594 -758 -880 -951 -1,158 -977
relative change -0.89% -0.12% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10% -5.65% -10.5% -12.1% -13.9% -14.8% -14.0% -16.5% -15.1%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

1) AGEB, 2024: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024
2) BAFA, 2024: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.
3), 4) Knörr et al. (2024b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2024, Heidelberg, 2024.
5) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
1)
During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.