1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV ¹⁾ as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights

source: Allekotte et al. (2024) ²⁾ &: Gores (2024) ³⁾

Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule

source: Allekotte et al. (2024) ⁴⁾ &: Gores (2024) ⁵⁾

After a strong but temporary decline during an right after the Covid-19 pandemic, kerosene consumption shows a steady upwards trend again especially after 2021, already reaching about 80% of its pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, domestic flights show no such strong “regeneration” yet (see related sub-chapters).

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) ⁶⁾ and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV ⁷⁾.

For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

Corresponding directly with fuel consumption, emission estimates show a steady upwards trend again especially as of 2022 for international flights, already reaching about 80% of its pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, emissions from domestic flights show no such strong “regeneration” yet (see related sub-chapters).

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…

Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene and avgas consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %

… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

Table 4: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules

In addition, several rather small revisions occur for some country-specific emission factors derived from Allekotte et al. (2024) ⁹⁾ and for 2022.

Table 5: Revised annual country-specific emission factors for jet kerosene in 1.A.3.a i (i), in [kg/TJ]