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1.A.3.b iv - Road Transport: Mopeds & Motorcycles

Short description

In sub-categories 1.A.3.b iv - Road Transport: Mopeds & Motorcycles emissions from fuel combustion in motorised two-wheelers are reported.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.b iv T1, T3 NS, M CS, M, D

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- NE -/-

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

Specific consumption data for mopeds and motorcycles is generated within the TREMOD model (Knörr, 2024a) 1).

The following table provides an overview of annual amounts of gasoline fuels consumed by motorized two-wheelers in Germany.

Table 1: Annual fuel consumption of mopeds and motorcycles, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
MOPEDS
Gasoline 5,143 3,206 3,223 3,092 3,305 3,438 3,413 3,285 3,245 3,306 3,387 2,993 3,262 2,882
Biogasoline 21 128 139 139 134 140 136 152 141 151 136
Ʃ Mopeds 5,143 3,206 3,223 3,113 3,434 3,576 3,552 3,419 3,385 3,442 3,538 3,134 3,413 3,018
MOTORCYCLES
Gasoline 17,206 16,634 20,995 19,868 15,672 15,734 15,860 15,727 15,079 15,301 15,192 13,516 14,569 12,964
Biogasoline 138 609 635 647 642 653 630 681 637 675 612
Ʃ Motorcycles 17,206 16,634 20,995 20,006 16,281 16,369 16,507 16,369 15,732 15,931 15,873 14,153 15,244 13,576
MOTORIZED 2-WHEELERS: Mopeds & Motorcycles
Gasoline 22,350 19,840 24,218 22,960 18,978 19,171 19,273 19,012 18,324 18,606 18,579 16,509 17,831 15,845
Biogasoline 159 737 774 787 776 793 767 833 778 826 748
Ʃ 1.A.3.b iv 22,350 19,840 24,218 23,119 19,715 19,945 20,060 19,788 19,117 19,373 19,412 17,287 18,657 16,594

source: TREMOD 2)

Annual consumption of gasoline fuels

Table 2: Annual mileage of electric mopeds and motorcycles, as of 2012, in [km]

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
e-mopeds 4,893,858 7,081,254 8,286,339 9,349,275 10,473,058 11,684,376 12,603,833 14,405,436 17,202,225 18,705,389 46,436,326
e-motorcycles 14,288,683 19,091,180 23,913,479 28,696,175 33,478,875 38,107,442 42,529,340 47,620,933 53,621,255 53,399,717 78,383,254

Development of mileage of eletricity-powered two-wheelers

For further information on mileage as well as abrasion-related emissions, please refer to sub-chapters on emissions from tyre & brake wear and road abrasion.

Emission factors

The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the 'Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport' (HBEFA, versions 4.1 and 4.2) 3),4) where they are provided on a tier3 level mostly and processed within TREMOD 5).

However, it is not possible to present these highly specific tier3 values in a comprehendible way here.

With respect to the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 1)

For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, default emission factors from the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2023), Table 3-86 have been applied 6) (see super-ordinate chapter here ).

Regarding PCDD/F, tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) 7) are used instead.

The following table provides an overview of the EF. Please note, that the values for heavy-metal (in [g/TJ]) and PAH (in [mg/TJ]) exhaust-emissions have been estimated from the EMEP/EEA defaults provided in [ppm/wt].

Table 3: Overview of tier1 EF applied for heavy metals and POPs exhaust-emissions

As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Se Zn PCDD/F B[a]P B[b]F B[k]F I[…]P PAH 1-4
[g/TJ] [µg/km] [mg/TJ]
0.007 0.005 0.145 0.103 0.200 0.053 0.037 0.005 0.758 0.0000027 192.91 215.88 156.17 234.25 799.21

NFR 1.A.3.b iv is no key category.

Since 1990, exhaust emissions of NOx, NMVOC, and CO have decreased due to technical improvements.

Annual nitrogen oxides emissions Annual NMVOC emissions Annual carbon monoxide emissions

As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for sulphur dioxide exhaust emissions from two-wheelers shows charcteristics very different from those shown above: Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities (sulphur content) leads to an cascaded downward trend of emissions , influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage.

Annual sulphur-oxides emissions

Particle emissions result from the comusbtion of gasoline and bioethanol. Here, due to the assumption that nearly all TSP emitted is formed by particles in the PM2.5 range, similar estimates are provided for all three fractions. (Exception: Until 1997, additional TSP emissions from use of leaded gasoline are included.)

Annual particulate matter emissions

Recalculations

Compared to submission 2024, recalculations ….

Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoules [TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
GASOLINE
current submission 22,350 19,840 24,218 22,960 18,978 19,171 19,273 19,012 18,324 18,606 18,579 16,509 17,831
previous submission 22,350 19,840 24,218 22,960 18,978 19,171 19,273 19,012 18,324 18,606 18,579 16,802 18,300
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -293 -470
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -1.74% -2.57%
BIOGASOLINE
current submission 159 737 774 787 776 793 767 833 778 826
previous submission 159 737 774 787 776 793 767 833 792 848
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -13.8 -21.8
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -1.74% -2.57%
TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
current submission 22,350 19,840 24,218 23,119 19,715 19,945 20,060 19,788 19,117 19,373 19,412 17,287 18,657
previous submission 22,350 19,840 24,218 23,119 19,715 19,945 20,060 19,788 19,117 19,373 19,412 17,594 19,148
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -307 -491
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -1.74% -2.57%


Due to the variety of tier3 emission factors applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 9.1 - Recalculations.

Planned improvements

Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned.

1), 5) Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2024.
3) Keller et al. (2019): Keller, M., Hausberger, S., Matzer, C., Wüthrich, P., & Notter, B.: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 4.1 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 4.1) URL: https://assets-global.website-files.com/6207922a2acc01004530a67e/625e8c74c30e26e022b319c8_HBEFA41_Development_Report.pdf - Dokumentation, Bern, 2019.
4) Notter et al. (2022): Notter, B., Cox, B., Hausberger, S., Matzer, S., Weller, K., Dippold, M., Politschnig, N., Lipp, S. (IVT TU Graz), Allekotte, M., Knörr, W. (ifeu), André, M. (IFSTTAR), Gagnepain, L. (ADEME), Hult, C., Jerksjö, M. (IVL): Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 4.2 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 4.2) URL: https://assets-global.website-files.com/6207922a2acc01004530a67e/6217584903e9f9b63093c8c0_HBEFA42_Update_Documentation.pdf - Dokumentation, Bern, 2022.
6) EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023; https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-b-i/@@download/file; Table 3-82: Heavy metal emission factors for all vehicle categories in ppm/wt fuel; Copenhagen, 2023.
7) Rentz et al. (2008): Otto Rentz, O., Karl, U., Haase, M., Koch, M., Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität Karlsruhe (TH): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte 01/2008, http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer; Dessau-Roßlau, 200 [(EU2013> EU (2013): Verordnung (EU) Nr. 168/2013 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 15. Januar 2013 über die Genehmigung und Marktüberwachung von zwei- oder dreirädrigen und vierrädrigen Fahrzeugen; http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/168/oj; 15. Januar 2013, Straßburg
1)
During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.