Short description

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The source category 1.A.4.a.i - Commercial and Institutional: Stationary Combustion emissions from commercial and institutional combustion installations are reported.

~ NFR-Code	~ Name of Category	~ Method	~ AD	~ EF	~ Key Category	1
= 1.A.4.a i	= Commercial and Institutional: Stationary Combustion	= T2, T3	= NS	= CS	= L & T: NMVOC, CO, Pb, PCDD/F, TSP	L: PAH, PM,,2.5,,, PM,,10,,	T: SO,,x,,

Method

For activity data and emission factors see Stationary Combustion.

Table 1: Emission factors for commercial and institutional combustion installations

= Pollutant	~ NO,,x,,	~ SO,,x,,	~ CO	~ NMVOC	~ TSP	~ PM,,10,,	~ PM,,2.5,,	~ PAH	~ PCDD/F
= Fuel	= [kg/TJ]	= [mg/TJ]	= [µg/TJ]
~ Hard Coal	> 89.8	> 331.7	> 2,162	> 30.3	> 18.5	> 17.6	> 15.7	> 60,000	> 16.3
~ Residual Wood	> 92.7	> 8.2	> 931.5	> 66.8	> 46.5	> 44.6	> 40.0	> 430,000	> 355.3
~ Light Heating Oil	> 43.7	> 3.3	> 11.9	> 2.3	> 1.0	> 1.0	> 1.0	> 160.7	> 2.7
~ Natural Gas	> 22.0	> 0.1	> 12.0	> 0.4	> 0.03	> 0.03	> 0.03	> 40.0	> 1.6

TSP and PM emission factors are to a large extend based on measurements without condensed compounds, according to CEN-TS 15883, annex I. PAH measurement data contain the following individual substances: Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(j)fluoranthene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene(+Trihenylene) and Dibenz(a,h)anthracene, as a specific part of US EPA.

+ Trend Discussion for Key Sources

The following charts give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants.

++ Fuel Consumption

gallery size="medium" : 1A4ai_AR_L.PNG : 1A4ai_AR_HC.PNG : 1A4ai_AR_OG.PNG : 1A4ai_AR_Bio.png gallery

Annual fluctuations of all fuel types in source category 1.A.4 depend on heat demand subject to winter temperatures. From 1990 to the present time, fuel use changed considerably from coal & lignite to natural gas. The consumption of light heating oil decreased as well. As the activity data for light heating oil is based on the sold amount, it fluctuates due to fuel prices and changing storage amounts. The remarkable decrease of hard coal consumption in 2012 is caused by a change in statistics (data source). It's planned to revise the NEB back to 2003 in order to assure time series consistency.

++ Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds - NMVOC and Carbon monoxide - CO gallery size="medium" : 1A4ai_EM_NMVOC.png : 1A4ai_EM_CO.PNG gallery

Main driver of the NMVOC and CO emission trends is the decreasing lignite consumption: Since 1990 the fuel use changed from solid fuels causing high NMVOC and CO emissions to gaseous fuels producing much lower emissions.

++ Particulate Matter - PM,,2.5,, & PM,,10,, & TSP gallery size="medium" : 1A4ai_EM_PM2.5.PNG : 1A4ai_EM_PM10.png : 1A4ai_EM_TSP.PNG gallery

The emission trends for PM,,2.5,,, PM,,10,,, and TSP are also influenced severely by decreasing coal consumption in small combustion plants, particularly in the period from 1990 to 1994. Since 1995 the emission trend hardly changed. Increasing emissions in the last years are caused by the rising wood combustion.

++ Persistent Organic Pollutants gallery size="medium" : 1A4ai_EM_PCDDF.PNG : 1A4ai_EM_PAH.PNG gallery

The main driver of the POPs emission trend are coal and fuel-wood. PCDD/F emissions decrease from 1990 to 2003 due to decreasing lignite consumption. The use of firewood and therefore PCDD/F emissions from wood combustion show a constant development.

+ Recalculations

Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2017) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculations are a result of the Revision of biomass data from 2003 onwards.

> For specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2017, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations].

+ Planned improvements