======Appendix 2.4 - POP emissions from mobile combustion sources====== This appendix chapter provides additional information regarding the approaches applied for estimating exhaust POP emissions from mobile sources in: * [[#Road Transport]] (1.A.3.b i - iv) * [[#Non-road Mobile Machinery in 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii/b ii/c ii, and 1.A.5.b ]] * [[#Railways]] (1.A.3.c) * [[#Maritime Vessels and Ships in 1.A.3.d i, 1.A.3.d ii, 1.A.4.c iii and 1.A.5.b ]] * [[#Aircraft in 1.A.3.a and 1.A.5.b]] =====Road Transport===== For **exhaust emissions of Benzo[a]Pyrene, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, and Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene** the tier2 emission factors as provided in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook in chapter 1.A.3.b (Update 2024), tables 3-18 to 3-26 are being used: {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3bi_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust_gasoline.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3bi_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust_other.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3bii_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3biii-hdv_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3biii-buses_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3biv_tier2-ef_pah_exhaust.png ?700 }} For further information on the actual emission factors derived from these default values and applied in the German emissions inventory, please refer to the overview chapter on [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:start| Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Road Vehicles ]]. Regarding PCDD/F, a tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [(RENTZ2008)] is used instead. ===== Non-road Mobile Machinery in 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a.ii, 1.A.4.b.i, 1.A.4.c.ii and 1.A.5.b i ===== __Table 1: Tier1 default emission factors applied to NRMM__ | | **B[a]P** | **B[b]F** | **B[k]F** | **I[...]P** | **PAH 1-4** | **PCDD/F** | | | [mg/TJ] ||||| [µg/TJ] | ^ Diesel oil | 698 | 1.164 | 801 | 184 | 2,847 | 1.623 | ^ Biodiesel1 | 806 | 1.343 | 924 | 212 | 3,284 | 1.87 | ^ Gasoline fuels - 4-stroke | 919 | 919 | 90 | 204 | 2,131 | 2.763 | ^ Gasoline fuels - 2-stroke2 | 919 | 919 | 90 | 204 | 2,131 | 57.53 | ^ LPG (1.A.4.a ii only) | 4.35 | 0.00 | 4.35 | 4.35 | 13.04 | NE | | 1 values differ from EFs applied for fossil diesel oil to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel ||||||| | 2 no separate values available for 2-stroke-mix including 1:50 lube oil ||||||| | 3 tier1 values derived from [(RENTZ2008)] ||||||| ===== Railways ===== For **exhaust emissions of Benzo[a]Pyrene, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, and Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene**, tier1 emission factors as provided in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 in chapters 1.A.3.c and 1.A.3.b (Update 2024) are applied. Here, as no tier1 defaults are provided for B[k] and I[123cd]P, the values provided for road heavy-duty vehicles are applied instead, as proposed in Table 3-9 in chapter 1.A.3.c of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023. {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3c_tier1-ef.png ?700 }} {{ general:appendices:emepeea2023_1a3bi-iv_tier1-ef_bkf_ixp_.png ?700 }} From these tier1 defaults, energy-related EF presented in chapter [[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start|1.A.3.c - Railways ]] have been derived and are applied in the German emissions inventory. =====Inland Vessels and Ships in 1.A.3.d ii ===== __Table 4: Tier1 default emission factors applied to inland ships and vessels__ | | **B[a]P** | **B[b]F** | **B[k]F** | **I[...]p** | **PAH 1-4**2 | **HCB** | **PCBs** | **PCDD/F** | | | [mg/TJ] ||||||| [µg/TJ] | ^ Diesel oil | 6984 | 1,1644 | 8015 | 1845 | 2,847 | 1.863 | 0.883 | 93.07 | ^ Biodiesel1 | 806 | 1,343 | 924 | 212 | 3,284 | 1.02 | 2.15 | 107 | | 1 similar EF for biodiesel applied for all mobile sources; due to lack of better information EF values are derived from conventional diesel oil but taking into account the specific NCV of biodiesel ||||||||| | 2 sum of tier1 default values applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[1,2,3-c,d]P ||||||||| | 3 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Tables 3-1 and 3-2 ||||||||| | 4 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.c Railways: Diesel, Table 3-1 ||||||||| | 5 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv - Road transport, Table 3-8: HDV, Diesel ||||||||| ===== Maritime Vessels and Ships in 1.A.3.d i, 1.A.3.d ii, 1.A.4.c iii and 1.A.5.b iii ===== The following table provides the tier1 EF applied for POPs from ships and vessels in both civil and military operation in NFR categories 1.A.3.d i -International Maritime Navigation, 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation (Shipping), 1.A.4.c iii -Fisheryand 1.A.5.b iii - Other: Military Navigation. __Table 4: Tier1 default emission factors applied to maritime ships and vessels__ | | **B[a]P** | **B[b]F** | **B[k]F** | **I[...]p** | **PAH 1-4**2 | **HCB** | **PCBs** | **PCDD/F** | | | [mg/TJ] ||||||| [µg/TJ] | ^ Diesel oil | 6984 | 1,1644 | 8015 | 1845 | 2,847 | 1.863 | 0.883 | 93.07 | ^ Biodiesel1 | 806 | 1,343 | 924 | 212 | 3,284 | 2.15 | 1.02 | 107 | ^ Heavy Fuel oil6 | 741 | 1,235 | 849 | 195 | 3,020 | 3.46 | 14.1 | 98.7 | | 1 similar EF for biodiesel applied for all mobile sources; due to lack of better information EF values are derived from conventional diesel oil but taking into account the specific NCV of biodiesel ||||||||| | 2 sum of tier1 default values applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[1,2,3-c,d]P ||||||||| | 3 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Tables 3-1 and 3-2 ||||||||| | 4 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.c Railways: Diesel, Table 3-1 ||||||||| | 5 tier1 defaults from [(EMEPEEA2019)], Chapter: 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv - Road transport, Table 3-8: HDV, Diesel ||||||||| | 6 derived from default for fossil diesel oil, but adapted to specific NCV of heavy fuel oil ||||||||| | 7 tier1 value derived from [(RENTZ2008)] ||||||||| ===== Aircraft in 1.A.3.a and 1.A.5.b ii ===== The EMEP/EEA GB 2016 (July 2017) does not provide specific defaults for POP emissions from the combustion of jet kerosene and aviation gasoline, stating that for for aviation gasoline these emissions are //not estimated// (NE): Therefore, the inventory compiler decided to apply the tier1 EF for **PAHs** from gasoline fuel used in non-road mobile machinery here, too. Furthermore, both **HCB** and **PCBs** emissions are stated as //not applicable// in [(EMEPEEA2019)], chapter 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, Table 3.3 Tier 1 emission factors for NFR 1.A.3.a.ii.(i): Civil aviation (domestic, LTO). As the Party assumes that POP emissions from the combustion of jet kerosene are unlikely to occur, these emission are reported as //not applicable// (NA). __Table 5: Tier1 default emisison factors applied to aircraft, in mg/TJ__ | | **B[a]P** | **B[b]F** | **B[k]F** | **I[...]p** | **PAH 1-4** | **PCDD/F** | ^ Kerosene | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ^ Aviation gasoline | 126 | 182 | 90 | 205 | 602 | NE | ------ [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019. )] [(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer)]