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2.C.2 - Ferroalloys Production
Short description
| Category Code | Method | AD | EF |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.C.2 | T1 | IS | CS |
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| NOx | NMVOC | SO2 | NH3 | PM2.5 | PM10 | TSP | BC | CO | Pb | Cd | Hg | As | Cr | Cu | Ni | Se | Zn | POPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NE | NE | NE | NA | -/- | -/- | -/- | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
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Source category Ferroalloys Production is of minor significance and not a key source.
Ferroalloys are non-ferrous metal aggregates used in steel production. Germany has five producers of ferrochrome, silicon metal and ferrosilicon. These materials are used as alloying agents in stainless-steel production. The only process used in Germany since 1995 is the electric arc process. This process generates only a small amount of process-related emissions (specifically due to electrode consumption). The blast-furnace process, which produces relatively higher emissions, was used to some extent until 1995.
In 2022 the ferroalloys production amounted to 51.3 kt.
Method
Activity data
The activity data from the years 1990 to 1994 has been taken from official production statistics of the Federal Statistical Öffice. Since 1995, the data from the official production statistics is no longer suitable to use in this context. Since then, data from the British Geological Survey [Lit. 2] has been used instead.
The most up-to-date available activity data is from 2021. This data has been carried forward into 2022. A recalculation will be made when updated statistical data is available. In general, this update happens every two years.
Emission factors
The emission factor for TSP (0.1 kg/t for the current year and back to 1998) and the splitting factors for PM10 and PM2.5 were determined in a research project (UBA, 2007) [Lit. 1]. There were higher but decreasing EF for the period 1990 -1997 due to the technology changes.
Uncertainties
The uncertainties for the production amounts are 50% and for the emission factors not more than 300%.
Recalculations
Recalculations were required because the activity data carried forward last year have been updated. The produced quantity of ferroalloys decline about 5.4% in 2021.
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2021, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.
Planned improvements
At the moment, no category specific improvements are planned.
Bibliography
Lit. 1: UBA, 2007: Jörß, Wolfram; Handke, Volker; Lambrecht, Udo and Dünnebeil, Frank (2007): Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000 – 2020. UBA-TEXTE Nr. 38/2007. Dessau-Roßlau: Umweltbundesamt. URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020.
Lit. 2: Idoine, N. E., Raycraft, E. R., Price, F., Hobbs, S. F., Deady, E. A., Everett, P., Shaw, R. A., Evans, E. J. & Mills, A. J. (2023). World Mineral Production 2017-2021. Keyworth, Nottingham; URL: https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/statistics/worldStatistics.html