Table of Contents

1.A.3.d - Navigation

Short description

Category 1.A.3.d - Navigation includes emissions from national and international inland and maritime navigation.

NFR-Code Name of Category Method AD EF Key Category Analysis
1.A.3.d Navigation see sub-category details
consisting of / including source categories
1.A.3.d i (ii) International Inland Waterways Germany does not report emissions from this sub-category.
1.A.3.d ii National Navigation (Shipping) see sub-category details
1.A.3.d i (i) International Maritime Navigation see sub-category details

Methodology

Activity Data

Primary fuel deliveries data for the entire navigation sector (maritime and inland waterways) is included in lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') of the National Energy Balance (NEB) (AGEB, 2023) 1). (For comparison, official mineral-oil data of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA, 2023) 2) are applied, too.)

Data on the consumption of biodiesel is provided in NEB line 64 from 2004 onward. However, as this data appears to be rather inconsistent, the consumption of biofuels is calculated within TREMOD via the official annual blending rates.

Table 1: Primary fuel deliveries as listed in the National Energy Balance, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
NEB line 6 - Maritime Bunkers ('Hochseebunkerungen')
Diesel 23,336 20,426 21,542 18,342 22,340 43,254 42,198 9,822
Light fuel oil (Heating oil) NO 26,958 31,266 30,087 22,684 30,118 31,551
Heavy fuel oil 80,230 64,382 69,578 86,272 93,886 57,386 75,445 58,277 39,248 26,813 32,431 28,106 29,534
LNG1 NO 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513
NEB line 64 - Coastal and Inland Navigation ('Küsten- und Binnenschifffahrt')
Diesel oil 27,716 23,562 11,864 19,842 18,370 15,894 14,529 14,907 14,813 14,660 14,029 12,003 9,819
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51 7.58
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275
Biogasoline2 NO 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9 12.8
TOTAL inland fuel deliveries 131,561 108,649 103,263 124,739 134,875 116,838 132,520 110,305 85,805 71,996 69,708 70,812 71,713

data sources: fossil liquid fuels: NEB 3); 1LNG (as not yet included in NEB): BSH model 4), 2biogasoline: TREMOD 5)
italic numbers: extrapolated backwards as data provided in NEB only as of 2003

As the statistical allocation of fuels delivered to the navigation (shipping) sector follows tax aspects, NEB line 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') includes all fuel deliveries to IMO-registered ship involved in both national and international maritime activities. On the other hand, NEB line 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') includes all fuel deliveries to ship involved in inland and non-IMO maritime navigation.

Table 2: Allocation of for subsector-specfic fuel deliveries data in the NEB

NEB line including fuel deliveries to navigation sub-sectors…
6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers' …international maritime navigation / national maritime navigation (IMO) / national fishing (IMO) / military navigation (IMO)
64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation' …national inland navigation / national maritime navigation (non-IMO) / national fishing (non-IMO) / military navigation (non-IMO)

Therefore, the amounts of fuels listed in NEB lines 6 and 64 are broken down on several sub-sectors.

Regarding all national maritime activities, taking place in National Maritime Navigation, national fishing, and military navigation, a country-specific approach allows for estimating tier3 fuel consumption data based on ship movement information (AIS signal) for IMO- and non-IMO ships.

In contrast to this bottom-up approach, fuel consumption in both international maritime navigation and national inland navigation are calculated as tier1 estimates. The following equations and charts try to illustrate the way of deducing these tier1 activity data:

Estimating the tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation:

AD1.A.3.d i = PADNEB line 6 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d i - tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation
* PADNEB line 6 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in military navigation

Estimating the tier1 activity data for National inland navigation:

AD1.A.3.d ii (b) = PADNEB line 64 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - non-IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d ii (b) - tier1 activity data for National inland navigation
* PADNEB line 64 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for non-IMO ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii -non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in military navigation

Table 3: Resulting breakdown of primary fuel deliveries onto the different navigation sub-sectors, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
TOTAL 131,561 108,649 103,263 124,739 134,875 116,838 132,520 110,305 85,805 71,996 69,708 70,812 71,713
1.A.3.d i - International maritime navigation
Diesel oil 13,162 13,096 13,709 11,546 16,273 33,836 32,424 27,370 16,000 NO
Light fuel oil NO 5,333 20,104 13,606 21,260 23,321
Heavy fuel oil 76,942 62,066 67,080 84,127 91,992 57,278 75,408 58,196 38,986 26,418 32,053 27,713 29,297
1.A.3.d ii (a) - National maritime navigation
Diesel oil 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 8,980 9,335 8,960 7,084 NO
Light fuel oil NO 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37,0 81,1 262 394 378 392 237
LNG NO 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513
1.A.3.d ii (b) - National inland navigation
Diesel oil 27,716 23,562 11,864 19,842 18,370 15,894 14,529 14,907 14,813 14,660 14,029 12,003 9,819
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275
Biogasoline 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9 12.8
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51 7.58
1.A.4.c iii - National Fishing
Diesel oil 305 240 238 226 227 284 298 293 267 NO
Light fuel oil NO 88.9 322 359 265 221
Heavy fuel oil 33.3 26.0 26.0 24.4 24.5 NO
1.A.5.b iii - Military Navigation
Diesel oil 380 263 228 171 150 154 141 156 99.5 NO
Light fuel oil NO 33.2 164 390 118 131
Heavy fuel oil 152 104 90.4 67.4 59.0 NO

Emission factors

Annual country-specific emission factors have been developed within the underlying models maintained at the ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Knörr et al. (2023a): TREMOD) 6) and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Deichnik (2022): BSH model) 7).

For information on these country-specific emission factors, please refer to the sub-chapters linked above.

Impact of fuel-sulphur regulation on sulphur dioxide

Table 4: Development of fuel-sulfur limits for maritime fuels in SECAs, in [% m/m]

mid-2006 to mid-2010 1.50
mid-2010 to 2015 1.00 LSFO2
as of 2015 0.10 ULSFO3

1: SECA = Sulphur Emission Control Area 8), 9) 2: Low sulphur Fuel Oil 3: Ultra low sulphur Fuel Oil

These fuel-sulfur limits listed are used for the derivation of emission factors especially for heavy fuel oil used in the German inventory. Here, until 2006, a global average of 2.70 % m/m is applied.

Table 5: Development of global fuel-sulfur limits for maritime fuels, in [% m/m]

until 2012 4.50
2012 to 2020 3.50
as of 2020 0.50

Heavy metals and POPs

For heavy metal and POP emissions, tier1 EF have been derived from the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 mainly 10).

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Table 4 shows the tier1 emission factors for exhaust emissions of heavy-metals and POPs as applied to all navigation sub-categories in 1.A.3.d as well as NFRs 1.A.4.c iii and 1.A.5.b iii. The listed values have been derived from default values provided in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2019) 11) and (Rentz et al., 2008) 12).

Here, as the guidebook does not provide source-specific values for PAHs, respective values provided for diesel in railways and heavy duty road vehicles have been applied as a gap-filling proxy.

Table 6: Tier1 emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn B[a]P B[b]F B[k]F I[…]p PAH 1-4 PCBs HCB PCDD/F
[g/TJ] [mg/TJ]
Diesel oil & Light fuel oil 3.03 2 0.233 2 0.698 2 0.93 2 1.16 2 20.5 2 23.3 2 2.33 2 27.9 2 698 5 1,164 5 801 6 1846 2,847 4 0.885 2 1.86 2 93.0 7
Heavy fuel oil 4.46 3 0.496 3 0.496 3 16.9 3 17.8 3 31.0 3 793 3 5.20 3 29.7 3 741 5 1,235 5 849 6 195 6 3,020 4 14.1 3 3.46 3 98.7 7

2 tier1 defaults from 13), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-2
3 tier1 defaults from 14), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-1
4 sum of tier1 default values applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[1,2,3-c,d]P
5 tier1 defaults from 15), Chapter: 1.A.3.c Railways: Diesel, Table 3-1
6 tier1 defaults from 16), Chapter: 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv - Road transport, Table 3-8: HDV, Diesel
7 tier1 value derived from 17)


1), 3) AGEB, 2023: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2030/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 12.12.2023), Köln & Berlin, 2023
2) BAFA, 2023: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2022_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=4, Eschborn, 2023.
5), 6) Knörr et al. (2023a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2023.
7) Deichnik (2023): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs. from Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH - Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency); Hamburg, 2023.
10), 11), 13), 14), 15), 16) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
12), 17) Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer