1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation

Short description

Under category 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation emissions from national navigation (both inland and maritime) are reported.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.d ii T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
covering emissions in:
Domestic maritime navigation T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
Domestic inland navigation T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential

NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
L/- -/- -/- -/- L/T -/T -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/-

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

As described for the over-all sector 1.A.3.d and all other navigational activities in the superordinate chapter, specific fuel consumption data for NFR 1.A.3.d ii is included in the primary fuel deliveries data provided in NEB lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') 1).

Here, the annual fuel consumption for domestic maritime navigation are modelled within 2) based on AIS data and deduced from NEB lines 6 and 64 respectively, depending on whether or not a certain ship is registered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Here, fuels consumed by large, IMO-registered and sea-going ships and vessels are included in NEB line 6 whereas fuels consumed by smaller ships without IMO-registration are included in NEB line 64. After these deductions, the amounts of fuels remaining in NEB 64 are allocated to domestic inland navigation.

The small amounts of LNG used almost entirely in ferries are not yet included in the NEB but are estimated directly in the BSH model.

Table 1: Annual over-all fuel consumption for domestic navigation, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Diesel Oil 37,199 30,389 19,231 26,241 24,060 24,874 23,863 23,866 21,897 14,660 14,029 12,003 9,819
Light Fuel Oil 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 237
LNG 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275
Biogasoline 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9 12.8
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51 7.58
Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii 40,582 32,854 21,892 28,577 26,149 25,286 24,248 24,290 24,997 24,988 23,299 21,456 18,744

Table 2: Specific fuel consumption data for domestic maritime and inland navigation, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
NATIONAL MARITIME NAVIGATION
Diesel Oil 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 8,980 9,335 8,960 7,084
Light Fuel Oil 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 237
LNG 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513
NATIONAL INLAND NAVIGATION
Diesel Oil 27,716 23,562 11,864 19,842 18,370 15,894 14,529 14,907 14,813 14,660 14,029 12,003 9,819
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275
Biogasoline 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9 12.8
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51 7.58
Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii 40,582 32,854 21,892 28,577 26,149 25,286 24,248 24,290 24,997 24,988 23,299 21,456 18,744

Emission factors

The emission factors applied for national maritime navigation are derived from different sources and therefore are of very different quality.

For the main pollutants, country-specific implied values are used, that are based on tier3 EF included in the BSH model 3) which mainly relate on values from the EMEP/EEA guidebook 2019 4). These modelled IEFs take into account the ship specific information derived from AIS data as well as the mix of fuel-qualities applied depending on the type of ship and the current state of activity.

Here, for sulphur dioxide and particulate matter, annual values are available representing the impact of fuel sulphur legislation. In addition, regarding 2, the increasing operation of so-called scrubbers in order to fullfil emission limits especially within SECA areas is reflected for heavy fuel oil.

Table 3: Country-specific emission factors applied for fuels used in domestic maritime navigation, in [kg/TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
DIESEL OIL & LIGHT FUEL OIL1
NH3 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
NMVOC 48.5 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4 44.4 43.9 44.2 43.8 44.0 44.0 42.1 43.0
NOx 1,101 1,101 1,101 1,101 1,101 1,184 1,183 1,189 1,200 1,199 1,169 1,194 1,181
SO2 466 419 233 186 69.8 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2
BC2 110 99.1 55.0 44.0 16.5 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.3 17.5 16.8 16.9 17.1
PM2.5 354 320 177 142 53.3 56.2 57.1 57.1 55.9 56.5 54.2 54.6 55.2
PM10 378 342 190 152 57.1 60.1 61.1 61.1 59.8 60.4 58.0 58.5 59.0
TSP3 378 342 190 152 57.1 60.1 61.1 61.1 59.8 60.4 58.0 58.5 59.0
CO 128 128 128 128 128 140 142 141 139 140 138 140 140
HEAVY FUEL OIL
NH3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
NMVOC 43.0 42.8 42.9 42.9 42.8 26.1 30.2 33.7 32.5 32.7 37.4 37.5 40.7
NOx 1,368 1,368 1,368 1,368 1,368 1,487 1,440 1,479 1,480 1,507 1,509 1,526 1,556
SOx 1,319 1,332 1,323 1,336 496 48.6 49.2 48.1 45.9 46.5 48.1 47.0 47.2
BC2 70.8 71.2 70.8 71.6 26.5 14.2 18.0 20.1 19.1 18.9 21.4 21.3 23.1
PM2.5 590 594 590 596 221 118 150 168 159 158 179 178 192
PM10 649 653 649 656 243 130 165 184 175 173 197 195 211
TSP3 649 653 649 656 243 130 165 184 175 173 197 195 211
CO 179 179 179 179 179 144 162 157 156 150 151 147 143
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
NH3 NA NE
NMVOC NA 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.2
NOx NA NE
SOx NA NE
BC2 NA NE
PM2.5,PM10,TSP NA 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.51
CO NA 157 157 157 157 157 156 154 154

1 identical EF applied for diesel oil and light fuel oil
2 estimated from f-BCs as provided in 5): f-BC (HFO) = 0.12, f-BC (MDO/MGO) = 0.31 as provided in 6), chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Tables 3-1 & 3-2
3 ratio of PM2.5 : PM10 : TSP derived from the tier1 default EF as provided in 7), chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Tables 3-1 & 3-2

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

For main pollutants and particulate matter from national inland navigation, modelled emission factors are available from TREMOD (Knörr et al. (2023a)) 8). Here, for SO2, and PM, annual values reflect the impact of fuel-sulphur legislation.

Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels used in domestic inland navigation, in [kg/TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
DIESEL OIL
NH3 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
NMVOC 96.4 87.9 77.7 72.3 66.6 61.2 60.3 59.4 58.5 58.0 57.1 56.4 55.4
NOx 1,327 1,331 1,336 1,289 1,231 1,175 1,164 1,152 1,141 1,135 1,124 1,115 1,093
SOx 85.2 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC1 17.5 16.0 14.1 11.8 9.17 8.14 7.99 7.83 7.67 7.58 7.44 7.31 7.12
PM2 56.5 51.7 45.6 38.1 29.6 26.3 25.8 25.2 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.0
CO 417 387 337 299 256 229 225 221 216 213 209 206 203
GASOLINE
NH3 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
NMVOC (exh.) 952 1036 1269 1373 1212 895 849 806 770 740 717 701 690
NMVOC (evap.) 28.8 55.3 131 164 202 185 183 181 179 177 176 176 176
NOx 383 375 353 345 337 341 325 299 276 256 237 222 208
SOx 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC1 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
PM2 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49
CO 30,204 30,817 32,595 33,248 26,208 18,519 17,352 16,229 15,256 14,476 13,858 13,396 13,036
LPG
NH3 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
NMVOC 147 147 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 144 141 134 126
NOx 1,346 1,342 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,316 1,284 1,225 1,144
SOx 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41
BC1 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
PM2 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
CO 114 114 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112

1 calculated from f-BC as provided in 9), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii, Table 3-2: f-BC (MDO/MGO) = 0.31
2 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM2.5)

With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 1)

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Table 5: Outcome of Key Category Analysis

for: NOx PM10 PM2.5
by: L/- -/T L/T

For ammonia, NMVOC, and nitrogen oxides as well as carbon monoxide, emission trends more or less represent the trend in over-all fuel consumption.

 Annual ammonia emissions

 Annual NMVOC emissions

 Annual nitrogen oxides emissions

Nonetheless, for these pollutants, annual emission factors from BSH 10) and TREMOD 11) have been applied for national maritime and inland navigation, respectively, reflecting the technical development of the German inland navigation fleet.

Here, the trends in sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions reflect the impact of ongoing fuel-sulphur legislation especially in maritime navigation.

 Annual sulphur oxides emissions  Annual particulate matter emissions

Recalculations

Compared to the previous submisison, activity data were re-estimated in accordance with the revised National Energy Balances (NEB) 2003 to 2021. As part of this revision, gasoline and LPG applied in inland navigation have been taken into account for the first time within the National Energy Balance.

As the NEB does not provide data on gasoline and LPG before 2003, amounts for 1990 to 2002 were extrapolatded backwards for gap-filling. In addition, the amounts of biogasoline corresponding to the gasoline inland deliveries was estimated within TREMOD.

Furthermore, but with no effects on emission estimates, diesel oil and light fuel oil used in national maritime navigation are reported seperately now.

Table 6: Revised fuel consumption data for national maritime and inland navigation, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
NATIONAL MARITIME NAVIGATION
DIESEL OIL
current submission 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 8,980 9,335 8,960 7,084 0 0 0
previous submission 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 8,980 9,335 8,960 9,445 9,497 8,339 8,475
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2,361 -9,497 -8,339 -8,475
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -25.0% -100% -100% -100%
LIGHT FUEL OIL
current submission 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475
previous submission IE IE IE IE
absolute change 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475
HEAVY FUEL OIL
current submission 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392
previous submission 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 368 392
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.73 0.00
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.64% 0.00%
LNG
current submission 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293
previous submission 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
NATIONAL INLAND NAVIGATION
DIESEL OIL
current submission 27,716 23,562 11,864 19,842 18,370 15,894 14,529 14,907 14,813 14,660 14,029 12,003
previous submission 27,716 23,562 11,864 12,851 11,182 13,321 11,131 10,150 10,619 11,259 10,076 10,481
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 6,991 7,188 2,573 3,398 4,756 4,194 3,401 3,952 1,522
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 54.4% 64.3% 19.3% 30.5% 46.9% 39.5% 30.2% 39.2% 14.5%
GASOLINE
current submission 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273
previous submission NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
absolute change 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273
BIOGASOLINE
current submission 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9
previous submission NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
absolute change 1.90 10.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 11.3 10.9 12.0 12.9
LPG
current submission 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51
previous submission NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
absolute change 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51

Table 7: Revised over-all fuel consumption data for national navigation, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
current submission 40,582 32,854 21,892 28,577 26,149 25,286 24,248 24,290 24,997 24,988 23,299 21,456
previous submission 40,303 32,575 21,613 21,304 18,682 22,431 20,567 19,250 20,524 21,303 19,060 19,640
absolute change 279 279 279 7,273 7,467 2,855 3,681 5,040 4,474 3,685 4,240 1,815
relative change 0.69% 0.86% 1.29% 34.1% 40.0% 12.7% 17.9% 26.2% 21.8% 17.3% 22.2% 9.24%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

Uncertainty estimates for activity data of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: “Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland” by Knörr et al. (2009) 12).

Planned improvements

Besides the routine revisions of the models used for maritime and inland navigation, no specific improvements are scheduled.


1) AGEB, 2023: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2030/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 12.12.2023), Köln & Berlin, 2023
2), 3), 10) Deichnik (2023): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs. from Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH - Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency); Hamburg, 2023.
4), 5), 6), 7), 9) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
8), 11) Knörr et al. (2023a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2023.
12) Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.
1)
During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.