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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2023/10/25 08:44] – [Table] doeringsector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2024/11/06 14:54] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-====== 3.D.f - Agriculture other including use of pesticides ======+====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: Use of pesticides ======
  
-===== Country Specifics =====+==== Background ====
  
-==== Background ==== 
 {{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}}
  
 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.
  
-In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported reported until the 2016 reporting. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.: +In Germany, the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, was prohibited in 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported until the 2016 reporting. 
- +
-Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH),  +
-     +
-DCPA (Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate also known as Chlorthal-dimethyl or Dacthal),  +
-     +
-PCP (Pentachlorphenol),  +
-     +
-Atrazine (2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), +
-     +
-Simazine (2,4-Bis(ethylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine), +
-     +
-Propazine (2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine) and PCNB (Pentachlornitrobenzol also known as quintozine).+
  
-Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), tefluthrin (insecticide) and picloram (herbicide). Two of these active substances are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table I). Tefluthrin is not emission relevant due to the application method. The pesticide is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))). In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.+However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances such as:
  
-//Table I, Chlorothalonil (above) & Table Ib (below), Picloram: Overview of plant protection products and their trade names, chemical agents, intended applications and approval numbers; last update September 2022//+  * Lindane (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>): Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (a.k.a. γ-HCCH) 
 +  * DCPA (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ): Dimethyl-Tetrachloroterephthalate (a.k.a. Dacthal)      
 +  * PCP (C<sub>6</sub>HCl<sub>5</sub>O): Pentachlorophenol (a.k.a. Santophen, Pentachlorol, Chlorophen, Chlon, Dowicide 7, Pentacon, Penwar, Sinituho, Penta) 
 +  * Atrazine (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine 
 +  * Simazine (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>12</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2,4-Bis(ethylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine 
 +  * Propazine (C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine 
 +  * PCNB (C<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>): 1,2,3,4,5-Pentachloro-6-nitrobenzene (a.k.a. Pentachlornitrobenzol or Quintozine) 
 +  * **Chlorothalonil** (C<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>): 2,4,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (short: TCPN) 
 +  * **Tefluthrin** (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ClF<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): rac-(2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-methylphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate 
 +  * **Picloram** (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (a.k.a Tordon, Grazon)
  
-^  Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                                                                                       ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany  ^ +Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))).  
-|  Chlorothalonil  |  BRAVO 500                 |  043138-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  | +In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.
-| :::              |  Sambarin                  |  033705-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  Pugil 75 WG               |  004486-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  AMISTAR Opti              |  005748-00        |  Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  Tattoo C                  |  005805-00        |  Potatoes                                                                                              |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  CREDO                     |  006542-00        |  Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  Simbo Extra               |  004124-00        |  Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  ZAKEO Opti                |  005748-61        |  Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                                  | +
-| :::              |  Daconil 2787 Extra        |  023138-00        |  Golf course greens, tees, and fairways, ornamental turfgrass and ornamental herbs, shrubs and trees.  |  •                                  |+
  
 +__Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__
 +^ Plant protection product  ^ Approval number  ^ Application for                                                                                       ^ no longer approved in Germany  ^
 +| BRAVO 500                 |  043138-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
 +| Sambarin                  |  033705-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
 +| Pugil 75 WG               |  004486-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
 +| AMISTAR Opti              |  005748-00       | Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                             |
 +| Tattoo C                  |  005805-00       | Potatoes                                                                                              |  •                             |
 +| CREDO                     |  006542-00       | Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                             |
 +| Simbo Extra               |  004124-00       | Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                             |
 +| ZAKEO Opti                |  005748-61       | Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                             |
 +| Daconil 2787 Extra        |  023138-00       | Golf course greens, tees, and fairways, ornamental turfgrass and ornamental herbs, shrubs and trees.  |  •                             |
  
-^   Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                          ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany  ^ +__Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__  
-|  Picloram         |  EFFIGO                    |  005866-00        |  Rapeseed (winter), maize, round cabbage  |                                     | +^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                          ^ 
-|  :::              |  Barca 334 SL              |  008772-00        |  Rapeseed (summer/winter)                 |                                     | +|  EFFIGO                    |  005866-00        |  Rapeseed (winter), maize, round cabbage  | 
-|  :::              |  Belkar                    |  008778-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     | +|  Barca 334 SL              |  008772-00        |  Rapeseed (summer/winter)                 | 
-|  :::              |  Gajus                     |  008943-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     | +|  Belkar                    |  008778-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        | 
-|  :::              |  Gala 334 SL               |  008772-60        |  Rapeseed                                 |                                     | +|  Gajus                     |  008943-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        | 
-|  :::              |  GF-2545                   |  008089-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     | +|  Gala 334 SL               |  008772-60        |  Rapeseed                                 | 
-|  :::              |  Runway                    |  006872-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     |+|  GF-2545                   |  008089-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        | 
 +|  Runway                    |  006872-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |
  
  
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 HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)). HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)).
  
-In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_meldungen_par_64/meld_par_64_2017.pdf;jsessionid=575C3CE6FEC9CF7B81387944C90C6972.1_cid372?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)). Therefore, data on the active ingredients atrazine, simazine, propazine, and quintozine are also available and will be included in the 2023 submission.+In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995).  
 + 
 +Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_meldungen_par_64/meld_par_64_2017.pdf;jsessionid=575C3CE6FEC9CF7B81387944C90C6972.1_cid372?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)). Therefore, data on the active ingredients atrazine, simazine, propazine, and quintozine are also available and will be included in the 2023 submission.
  
 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
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 The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019.)) (3Df/3I-5, chapter 3, Tier 1 approach). The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019.)) (3Df/3I-5, chapter 3, Tier 1 approach).
  
-Epest = Σmpest_i • EFpest_i+<m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * EF_pest_i </m> 
  
 To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation: To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation:
  
-Epest = Σmpest_i • IFj,i • EFpest_i +<m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * IF_(j,i) * EF_pest_i </m> 
 + 
 where: where:
  
-Epest = total HCB emission of active substance (in mg a-1, unit conversion reported in kg a-1), +  * EM<sub>pest</sub> = total HCB emission of active substance (in [mg/a], reported in [kg/a] here), 
-mpest = mass of individual active substance applied (kg a-1), +  * m<sub>pest</sub> = mass of individual active substance applied (in [kg/a]), 
-IFj,i = impurity factor of the jth active substance in the ith active substance (mg kg-1) +  * IF<sub>j,i</sub> = impurity factor of the j<sup>th</sup> active substance in the i<sup>th</sup> active substance (in [mg/kg]) 
-EFpest= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance).+  * EF<sub>pest</sub>= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance).
  
 A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, and are considered adequate for estimating emissions for key categories.)) (EMEP Guidebook 2019) the method can be described as Tier 2. A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, and are considered adequate for estimating emissions for key categories.)) (EMEP Guidebook 2019) the method can be described as Tier 2.
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 As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram, lindane as well as atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine compiled by the BVL were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012) ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.)); (cf. Table II, domestic sales). Since 2018, domestic sales of all active substances have been published ((see Excel Table “Absatzmengen an Wirkstoffen in Pflanzenschutzmitteln von 1987 bis 2021”. https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)). As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram, lindane as well as atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine compiled by the BVL were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012) ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.)); (cf. Table II, domestic sales). Since 2018, domestic sales of all active substances have been published ((see Excel Table “Absatzmengen an Wirkstoffen in Pflanzenschutzmitteln von 1987 bis 2021”. https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)).
  
-//Table II, Published data on domestic sales of active substances from 1987 until 2021 in t/a // +__Table 3: Domestic sales of active substances, as of 1987, in t/a__ 
-^ Year  ^ Chlorthalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^ +^       ^ Chlorthalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^ 
-| 1987  |          260.2 |       0.4 |    129.1 |    2106.2 |     176.8 |          - |         0.3 | +^ 1987  |          260.2 |       0.4 |    129.1 |   2,106.2 |     176.8 |            |         0.3 | 
-| 1988  |          313.9 |       0.5 |    151.8 |    2074.6 |     210.5 |          - |           - | +^ 1988  |          313.9 |       0.5 |    151.8 |   2,074.6 |     210.5 |            |             | 
-| 1989  |          234.9 |       0.6 |     90.6 |    1093.0 |     195.3 |          - |           - | +^ 1989  |          234.9 |       0.6 |     90.6 |   1,093.0 |     195.3 |            |             | 
-| 1990  |          317.3 |         - |    120.4 |     751.9 |     185.7 |          - |           - | +^ 1990  |          317.3 |           |    120.4 |     751.9 |     185.7 |            |             | 
-| 1991  |          417.9 |         - |    127.4 |       7.3 |       7.0 |       0.16 |           - | +^ 1995  |           55.6 |           |     26.2 |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1992  |          161.2 |         - |     73.7 |         - |     143.9 |       0.04 |           - | +^ 1996  |           82.5 |           |     36.9 |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1993  |           83.4 |         - |     47.0 |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 1997  |           76.0 |           |     29.0 |           |       0.8 |            |             | 
-| 1994  |           76.8 |         - |     37.0 |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 1998  |           16.7 |           |          |           |       0.2 |            |             | 
-| 1995  |           55.6 |         - |     26.2 |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 1999  |          149.9 |           |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1996  |           82.5 |         - |     36.9 |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2000  |          109.3 |           |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1997  |           76.0 |         - |     29.0 |         - |       0.8 |          - |           - | +^ 2005  |          857.2 |           |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1998  |           16.7 |         - |        - |         - |       0.2 |          - |           - | +^ 2010  |          620.7 |       1.9 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 1999  |          149.9 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2015  |          886.0 |       3.5 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2000  |          109.3 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2016  |        1,148.1 |       4.3 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2001  |           19.8 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2017  |        1,418.8 |       4.1 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2002  |           25.1 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2018  |          860.8 |       3.9 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2003  |          240.1 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2019  |          911.8 |       7.5 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2004  |           39.8 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2020  |          105.2 |       9.4 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2005  |          857.2 |         - |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2021  |                |      11.3 |          |           |           |            |             | 
-| 2006  |          905.0 |       2.3 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +^ 2022  |                |      13.0 |          |           |           |            |             |
-| 2007  |          741.2 |       6.8 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2008  |          719.5 |       1.8 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2009  |          525.1 |       1.6 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2010  |          620.7 |       1.9 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2011  |          649.2 |       3.7 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2012  |          518.1 |       6.1 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2013  |          565.4 |       3.7 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2014  |         1000.8 |       4.2 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2015  |          886.0 |       3.5 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2016  |         1148.1 |       4.3 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2017  |         1418.8 |       4.1 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2018  |          860.8 |       3.9 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2019  |          911.8 |       7.5 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2020  |          105.2 |       9.4 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - | +
-| 2021  |              - |      11.3 |        - |         - |         - |          - |           - |+
  
 === HCB Impurities === === HCB Impurities ===
Line 153: Line 141:
 The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III).   The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III).  
  
-// +__Table 4: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg/kg__ 
-Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg// +^               ^ Chlorothalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^ 
-^ Impurity content  ^ Chlorothalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^ +|  1987-1994    |  300            |  50       |  100     |  2.5      |  1        |  1         |  500        | 
-| 1987-1994         |             300 |        50 |      100 |       2.5 |         1 |          1 |         500 | +|  1995-1997    |  300            |  50       |  50      |  1        |  1        |  1         |  500        | 
-| 1995-1997         |             300 |        50 |       50 |         1 |         1 |          1 |         500 | +|  1998 - 1999  |  300            |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  1        |  n/a       |  n/a        | 
-| 1998 - 1999       |             300 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |         1 |        n/a |         n/a | +|  2000         |  170            |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        | 
-| 2000              |             170 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a | +|  2001 - 2017  |  40             |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        | 
-| 2001 - 2017       |              40 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a | +|  2018 - 2022  |  10             |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        |
-| 2018 - 2022       |              10 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a |+
  
  
Line 191: Line 178:
  
 //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, in kg// //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, in kg//
-{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:hcb_emissions_1987_2021_version_c.png?nolink&600 |}} +{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:hcb_emissions_1987_2022_version.png?direct&600 |}}
  
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
 +<WRAP center round info 65%>
 +With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, no recalculations were made compared to the last submission.
 +</WRAP>
  
-Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine.  
  
-No recalculation was made for lindane, chlorothalonil and picloram for the year 2020. HCB emissions from picloram were mistakenly omitted from 2006 until 2020 in the data model. 
  
-Due to the changes in the input data and the assumptions on the maximum quantities of HCB, the emissions also change. The following Table IV shows the differences between the data for submission 2022 and the current data and are given in kg per year and in percentage. +===== Uncertainty =====
  
  
-//Table IV: Recalculation of HCB emisssion from 1990 until the latest reported year, in kg and %//+For the calculation of emissions consumption figures (i. e. statistical figures) are used. Therefore, a standard error of HCB content is assumed as 2.5 % for the emission inventory. The 95% confidence interval is therefore 5 %. A normal distribution is assumed.
  
-^ Emissions                       ^ Unit  ^ 1990   ^ 1991   ^ 1992   ^ 1993  ^ 1994  ^ 1995  ^ 1996  ^ 1997    ^ 1998    ^ 1999  ^ +The uncertainty for the emission factor was determined using the PELMO model. For this purpose, the applied amounts of HCB on the plant surface were calculated with a vapour pressure reduced by a factor of 10. In addition, the meteorological conditions for modelling were selected in such a way that a range of possible emission factors for different locations was distributed across Europe (from Porto, Portugal, to Jokioinen in Finland). This results in a minimum and maximum emission factor. The maximum range was 30 %; the arithmetic mean was 10 % uncertainty (personal communication, Klein, 2017). A conservative approach and thus 30 % uncertainty is chosen for the calculation of uncertainties. This results in a total uncertainty for HCB emissions of 30.4 %.
-| HCB_SUB 2023                    | kg    |  109,3 |  138,1 |   55,9 |  29,7 |  26,7 |  18,0 |  26,6 |    24,3 |     5,0 |  45,0 | +
-| HCB_SUB 2022                    | kg    |  107,2 |  138,1 |   55,7 |  29,7 |  26,7 |  18,0 |  26,6 |    24,2 |     5,0 |  45,0 | +
-| Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022)  | kg    |  2,065 |  0,025 |  0,144 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |  0,0008 |  0,0002 |   0,0 | +
-| Difference                      | %     |    1,9 |    0,0 |    0,3 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0,003 |   0,004 |   0,0 |+
  
 +===== Planned improvements =====
  
-^ Emissions                       ^ Unit  ^ 2000  ^ 2001  ^ 2002  ^ 2003  ^ 2004  ^ 2005  ^ 2006  ^ 2007  ^ 2008  ^ 2009  ^ +<WRAP center round info 60%> 
-| HCB_SUB 2023                    | kg    |  18,6 |   0,8 |   1,0 |   9,6 |   1,6 |  34,3 |  36,3 |  30,0 |  28,9 |  21,1 | +Currently, no source-specific improvements are planned.
-| HCB_SUB 2022                    | kg    |  18,6 |   0,8 |   1,0 |   9,6 |   1,6 |  34,3 |  36,2 |  29,6 |  28,8 |  21,0 | +
-| Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022)  | kg    |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |  0,11 |  0,34 |  0,09 |  0,08 | +
-| Difference                      | %     |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |     0 |   0,3 |   1,1 |   0,3 |   0,4 | +
- +
-^ Emissions                       ^ Unit  ^ 2010  ^ 2011  ^ 2012  ^ 2013  ^ 2014  ^ 2015  ^ 2016  ^ 2017  ^ 2018  ^ 2019  ^ +
-| HCB_SUB 2023                    | kg    |  24,9 |  26,2 |  21,0 |  22,8 |  40,2 |  35,6 |  46,1 |  57,0 |   8,8 |   9,5 | +
-| HCB_SUB 2022                    | kg    |  24,8 |  26,0 |  20,7 |  22,6 |  40,0 |  35,4 |  45,9 |  56,8 |   8,6 |   9,1 | +
-| Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022)  | kg    |  0,10 |  0,19 |  0,30 |  0,19 |  0,21 |  0,17 |  0,22 |  0,21 |  0,20 |  0,37 | +
-| Difference                      | %     |   0,4 |   0,7 |   1,5 |   0,8 |   0,5 |   0,5 |   0,5 |   0,4 |   2,3 |   4,1 | +
- +
-^ Emissions                       ^ Unit  ^ 2020  ^ +
-| HCB_SUB 2023                    | kg    |   1,5 | +
-| HCB_SUB 2022                    | kg    |   1,1 | +
-| Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022)  | kg    |  0,47 | +
-| Difference                      | %     |  44,7 | +
- +
-<WRAP center round info 65%> +
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-===== Uncertainty ===== 
  
  
-For the calculation of emissions consumption figures (i. e. statistical figures) are used. Therefore, a standard error of HCB content is assumed as 2.5 % for the emission inventory. The 95% confidence interval is therefore 5 %. A normal distribution is assumed. 
- 
-The uncertainty for the emission factor was determined using the PELMO model. For this purpose, the applied amounts of HCB on the plant surface were calculated with a vapour pressure reduced by a factor of 10. In addition, the meteorological conditions for modelling were selected in such a way that a range of possible emission factors for different locations was distributed across Europe (from Porto, Portugal, to Jokioinen in Finland). This results in a minimum and maximum emission factor. The maximum range was 30 %; the arithmetic mean was 10 % uncertainty (personal communication, Klein, 2017). A conservative approach and thus 30 % uncertainty is chosen for the calculation of uncertainties. This results in a total uncertainty for HCB emissions of 30.4 %. 
- 
-===== Planned improvements ===== 
-For the next submissions no further improvements are planned.