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--- sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2023/10/30 08:06] – kotzulla
+++ sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2024/11/06 14:54] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: Other (including use of pesticides) ======
+====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: Use of pesticides ======
-===== Country Specifics =====
+==== Background ====
-So far, the only activity and emissions reported in 3.D.f - Agriculture: Other are the application of pesticides and the resutling emission of HCB.
-==== Background ====
 {{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}}
 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.
-In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported reported until the 2016 reporting. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.:
+In Germany, the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, was prohibited in 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported until the 2016 reporting.
-Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH),
+However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances such as:
-DCPA (Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate also known as Chlorthal-dimethyl or Dacthal),
-PCP (Pentachlorphenol),
-Atrazine (2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine),
-Simazine (2,4-Bis(ethylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine),
-Propazine (2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine) and PCNB (Pentachlornitrobenzol also known as quintozine).
-Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), tefluthrin (insecticide) and picloram (herbicide). Two of these active substances are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table I). Tefluthrin is not emission relevant due to the application method. The pesticide is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))). In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.
+  * Lindane (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>): Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (a.k.a. γ-HCCH)
+  * DCPA (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ): Dimethyl-Tetrachloroterephthalate (a.k.a. Dacthal)
+  * PCP (C<sub>6</sub>HCl<sub>5</sub>O): Pentachlorophenol (a.k.a. Santophen, Pentachlorol, Chlorophen, Chlon, Dowicide 7, Pentacon, Penwar, Sinituho, Penta)
+  * Atrazine (C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine
+  * Simazine (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>12</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2,4-Bis(ethylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine
+  * Propazine (C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub>ClN<sub>5</sub>): 2,4-Bis(isopropylamino)-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine
+  * PCNB (C<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>): 1,2,3,4,5-Pentachloro-6-nitrobenzene (a.k.a. Pentachlornitrobenzol or Quintozine)
+  * **Chlorothalonil** (C<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>): 2,4,5,6-Tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (short: TCPN)
+  * **Tefluthrin** (C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>14</sub>ClF<sub>7</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): rac-(2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-methylphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate
+  * **Picloram** (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (a.k.a Tordon, Grazon)
-//Table I, Chlorothalonil (above) & Table Ib (below), Picloram: Overview of plant protection products and their trade names, chemical agents, intended applications and approval numbers; last update September 2022//
+Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))).
+In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.
-^  Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                                                                                       ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany  ^
+__Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__
-|  Chlorothalonil  |  BRAVO 500                 |  043138-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  |
+^ Plant protection product  ^ Approval number  ^ Application for                                                                                       ^ no longer approved in Germany  ^
-| :::              |  Sambarin                  |  033705-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  |
+| BRAVO 500                 |  043138-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
-| :::              |  Pugil 75 WG               |  004486-00        |  Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                                  |
+| Sambarin                  |  033705-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
-| :::              |  AMISTAR Opti              |  005748-00        |  Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                                  |
+| Pugil 75 WG               |  004486-00       | Wheat                                                                                                 |  •                             |
-| :::              |  Tattoo C                  |  005805-00        |  Potatoes                                                                                              |  •                                  |
+| AMISTAR Opti              |  005748-00       | Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                             |
-| :::              |  CREDO                     |  006542-00        |  Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                                  |
+| Tattoo C                  |  005805-00       | Potatoes                                                                                              |  •                             |
-| :::              |  Simbo Extra               |  004124-00        |  Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                                  |
+| CREDO                     |  006542-00       | Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                             |
-| :::              |  ZAKEO Opti                |  005748-61        |  Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                                  |
+| Simbo Extra               |  004124-00       | Wheat, barley                                                                                         |  •                             |
-| :::              |  Daconil 2787 Extra        |  023138-00        |  Golf course greens, tees, and fairways, ornamental turfgrass and ornamental herbs, shrubs and trees.  |  •                                  |
+| ZAKEO Opti                |  005748-61       | Wheat, barley und rye                                                                                 |  •                             |
+| Daconil 2787 Extra        |  023138-00       | Golf course greens, tees, and fairways, ornamental turfgrass and ornamental herbs, shrubs and trees.  |  •                             |
+__Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; last update September 2022__
-^   Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                          ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany  ^
+^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                          ^
-|  Picloram         |  EFFIGO                    |  005866-00        |  Rapeseed (winter), maize, round cabbage  |                                     |
+|  EFFIGO                    |  005866-00        |  Rapeseed (winter), maize, round cabbage  |
-|  :::              |  Barca 334 SL              |  008772-00        |  Rapeseed (summer/winter)                 |                                     |
+|  Barca 334 SL              |  008772-00        |  Rapeseed (summer/winter)                 |
-|  :::              |  Belkar                    |  008778-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     |
+|  Belkar                    |  008778-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |
-|  :::              |  Gajus                     |  008943-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     |
+|  Gajus                     |  008943-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |
-|  :::              |  Gala 334 SL               |  008772-60        |  Rapeseed                                 |                                     |
+|  Gala 334 SL               |  008772-60        |  Rapeseed                                 |
-|  :::              |  GF-2545                   |  008089-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     |
+|  GF-2545                   |  008089-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |
-|  :::              |  Runway                    |  006872-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |                                     |
+|  Runway                    |  006872-00        |  Rapeseed (winter)                        |
@@ Line 54: / Line 52: @@
 HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)).
-In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_meldungen_par_64/meld_par_64_2017.pdf;jsessionid=575C3CE6FEC9CF7B81387944C90C6972.1_cid372?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)). Therefore, data on the active ingredients atrazine, simazine, propazine, and quintozine are also available and will be included in the 2023 submission.
+In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995).
+Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_meldungen_par_64/meld_par_64_2017.pdf;jsessionid=575C3CE6FEC9CF7B81387944C90C6972.1_cid372?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)). Therefore, data on the active ingredients atrazine, simazine, propazine, and quintozine are also available and will be included in the 2023 submission.
 ==== Methodology ====
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019.)) (3Df/3I-5, chapter 3, Tier 1 approach).
-Epest = Σmpest_i • EFpest_i
+<m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * EF_pest_i </m>
 To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation:
-Epest = Σmpest_i • IFj,i • EFpest_i
+<m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * IF_(j,i) * EF_pest_i </m>
 where:
-Epest = total HCB emission of active substance (in mg a-1, unit conversion reported in kg a-1),
+  * EM<sub>pest</sub> = total HCB emission of active substance (in [mg/a], reported in [kg/a] here),
-mpest = mass of individual active substance applied (kg a-1),
+  * m<sub>pest</sub> = mass of individual active substance applied (in [kg/a]),
-IFj,i = impurity factor of the jth active substance in the ith active substance (mg kg-1)
+  * IF<sub>j,i</sub> = impurity factor of the j<sup>th</sup> active substance in the i<sup>th</sup> active substance (in [mg/kg])
-EFpest= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance).
+  * EF<sub>pest</sub>= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance).
 A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, and are considered adequate for estimating emissions for key categories.)) (EMEP Guidebook 2019) the method can be described as Tier 2.
@@ Line 81: / Line 82: @@
 As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram, lindane as well as atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine compiled by the BVL were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012) ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.)); (cf. Table II, domestic sales). Since 2018, domestic sales of all active substances have been published ((see Excel Table “Absatzmengen an Wirkstoffen in Pflanzenschutzmitteln von 1987 bis 2021”. https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)).
-__Table 2: Published data on domestic sales of active substances as of 1987, in t/a__
+__Table 3: Domestic sales of active substances, as of 1987, in t/a__
 ^       ^ Chlorthalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^
 ^ 1987  |          260.2 |       0.4 |    129.1 |   2,106.2 |     176.8 |            |         0.3 |
@@ Line 140: / Line 141: @@
 The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III).
-//
+__Table 4: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg/kg__
-Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg//
+^               ^ Chlorothalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^
-^ Impurity content  ^ Chlorothalonil  ^ Picloram  ^ Lindane  ^ Atrazine  ^ Simazine  ^ Propazine  ^ Quintozine  ^
+|  1987-1994    |  300            |  50       |  100     |  2.5      |  1        |  1         |  500        |
-| 1987-1994         |             300 |        50 |      100 |       2.5 |         1 |          1 |         500 |
+|  1995-1997    |  300            |  50       |  50      |  1        |  1        |  1         |  500        |
-| 1995-1997         |             300 |        50 |       50 |         1 |         1 |          1 |         500 |
+|  1998 - 1999  |  300            |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  1        |  n/a       |  n/a        |
-| 1998 - 1999       |             300 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |         1 |        n/a |         n/a |
+|  2000         |  170            |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        |
-| 2000              |             170 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a |
+|  2001 - 2017  |  40             |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        |
-| 2001 - 2017       |              40 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a |
+|  2018 - 2022  |  10             |  50       |  n/a     |  n/a      |  n/a      |  n/a       |  n/a        |
-| 2018 - 2022       |              10 |        50 |      n/a |       n/a |       n/a |        n/a |         n/a |

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