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| sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2023/10/30 08:24] – kotzulla | sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2024/11/06 14:54] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| - | ====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: | + | ====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: |
| - | ===== Country Specifics ===== | + | ==== Background |
| - | So far, the only activity and emissions reported in 3.D.f - Agriculture: | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==== Background ==== | ||
| {{ : | {{ : | ||
| Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ | ||
| - | In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited | + | In Germany, the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, was prohibited |
| - | * Lindane: Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH) | + | However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances such as: |
| - | * DCPA: Dimethyl-Tetrachloroterephthalate (also known as Chlorthal-dimethyl or Dacthal) | + | |
| - | * PCP: Pentachlorphenol | + | |
| - | * Atrazine: 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1, | + | |
| - | * Simazine: 2, | + | |
| - | * Propazine: 2, | + | |
| - | * PCNB: Pentachlornitrobenzol (also known as Quintozine) | + | |
| - | * Chlorothalonil (C< | + | |
| - | * Tefluthrin (C< | + | |
| - | * Picloram (C< | + | |
| - | Further active substances are Chlorothalonil (fungicide), Tefluthrin (insecticide) and Picloram (herbicide). | + | * Lindane (C< |
| + | * DCPA (C< | ||
| + | * PCP (C< | ||
| + | * Atrazine (C< | ||
| + | * Simazine (C< | ||
| + | * Propazine (C< | ||
| + | * PCNB (C< | ||
| + | * **Chlorothalonil** (C< | ||
| + | * **Tefluthrin** (C< | ||
| + | * **Picloram** (C< | ||
| Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, | Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, | ||
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| __Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: | __Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: | ||
| - | ^ | + | ^ Plant protection product |
| - | | | + | | BRAVO 500 |
| - | | ::: | | + | | Sambarin |
| - | | ::: | | + | | Pugil 75 WG |
| - | | ::: | | + | | AMISTAR Opti | 005748-00 |
| - | | ::: | | + | | Tattoo C | 005805-00 |
| - | | ::: | | + | | CREDO |
| - | | ::: | | + | | Simbo Extra |
| - | | ::: | | + | | ZAKEO Opti | 005748-61 |
| - | | ::: | | + | | Daconil 2787 Extra | 023138-00 |
| - | __Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; | + | __Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; |
| - | ^ | + | ^ Plant protection product |
| - | | Picloram | + | | EFFIGO |
| - | | ::: | + | | Barca 334 SL | 008772-00 |
| - | | ::: | + | | Belkar |
| - | | ::: | + | | Gajus |
| - | | ::: | + | | Gala 334 SL |
| - | | ::: | + | | GF-2545 |
| - | | ::: | + | | Runway |
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| HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | ||
| - | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https:// | + | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). |
| + | |||
| + | Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https:// | ||
| ==== Methodology ==== | ==== Methodology ==== | ||
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| The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https:// | The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https:// | ||
| - | Epest = Σmpest_i • EFpest_i | + | <m> EM_pest |
| To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation: | To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation: | ||
| - | Epest = Σmpest_i • IFj,i • EFpest_i | + | <m> EM_pest |
| + | |||
| where: | where: | ||
| - | Epest = total HCB emission of active substance (in mg a-1, unit conversion | + | * EM< |
| - | mpest = mass of individual active substance applied (kg a-1), | + | * m< |
| - | IFj,i = impurity factor of the jth active substance in the ith active substance (mg kg-1) | + | * IF< |
| - | EFpest= EF for individual active substance (volatile fraction of applied amount of the active substance). | + | * EF< |
| A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, | A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, | ||
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| The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III). | The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III). | ||
| - | // | + | __Table 4: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg/kg__ |
| - | Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg// | + | ^ |
| - | ^ Impurity content | + | | 1987-1994 |
| - | | 1987-1994 | + | | 1995-1997 |
| - | | 1995-1997 | + | | 1998 - 1999 | 300 | 50 |
| - | | 1998 - 1999 | + | | 2000 |
| - | | 2000 | | + | | 2001 - 2017 | 40 |
| - | | 2001 - 2017 | + | | 2018 - 2022 | 10 |
| - | | 2018 - 2022 | + | |