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| sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_use_of_pesticides [2024/04/29 07:41] – created kotzulla | sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_use_of_pesticides [2024/04/29 07:41] (current) – removed kotzulla | ||
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| - | ====== 3.D.f - Agriculture: | ||
| - | ===== Country Specifics ===== | ||
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| - | So far, the only activity and emissions reported in 3.D.f - Agriculture: | ||
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| - | ==== Background ==== | ||
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| - | {{ : | ||
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| - | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ | ||
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| - | In Germany, the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, was prohibited in 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported until the 2016 reporting. | ||
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| - | However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances such as: | ||
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| - | * Lindane (C< | ||
| - | * DCPA (C< | ||
| - | * PCP (C< | ||
| - | * Atrazine (C< | ||
| - | * Simazine (C< | ||
| - | * Propazine (C< | ||
| - | * PCNB (C< | ||
| - | * **Chlorothalonil** (C< | ||
| - | * **Tefluthrin** (C< | ||
| - | * **Picloram** (C< | ||
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| - | Only Tefluthrin and Picloram are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table 1) with Tefluthrin not being emission relevant as it is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, | ||
| - | In 2022, analyses were carried out for HCB contamination in the crop protection product Force 20 CS. HCB contamination could not be detected. Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions. | ||
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| - | __Tabel 1: Chlorothalonil: | ||
| - | ^ Plant protection product | ||
| - | | BRAVO 500 | ||
| - | | Sambarin | ||
| - | | Pugil 75 WG | ||
| - | | AMISTAR Opti | 005748-00 | ||
| - | | Tattoo C | 005805-00 | ||
| - | | CREDO | ||
| - | | Simbo Extra | ||
| - | | ZAKEO Opti | 005748-61 | ||
| - | | Daconil 2787 Extra | 023138-00 | ||
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| - | __Table 2: Picloram: Trade names, approval numbers and intended applications; | ||
| - | ^ Plant protection product | ||
| - | | EFFIGO | ||
| - | | Barca 334 SL | 008772-00 | ||
| - | | Belkar | ||
| - | | Gajus | ||
| - | | Gala 334 SL | ||
| - | | GF-2545 | ||
| - | | Runway | ||
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| - | Sources: [[https:// | ||
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| - | HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | ||
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| - | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). | ||
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| - | Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https:// | ||
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| - | ==== Methodology ==== | ||
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| - | The emissions were calculated in keeping with the method proposed in the EMEP (2019) ((EMEP (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, EEA Report No 13/2019, https:// | ||
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| - | <m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * EF_pest_i </m> | ||
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| - | To estimate the emission of HCB which is present as an impurity, an impurity factor (IF) has to be considered in the calculation: | ||
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| - | <m> EM_pest = Sigma m_pest_i * IF_(j,i) * EF_pest_i </m> | ||
| - | |||
| - | where: | ||
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| - | * EM< | ||
| - | * m< | ||
| - | * IF< | ||
| - | * EF< | ||
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| - | A modeled emission factor is used for Germany (see description of Emission factors). According to the definition of the Tier 2 Approach ((Tier 2 is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 2 methods are more complex, will reduce the level of uncertainty, | ||
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| - | ==== Activity data ==== | ||
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| - | As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, | ||
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| - | __Table 3: Domestic sales of active substances, as of 1987, in t/a__ | ||
| - | ^ ^ Chlorthalonil | ||
| - | ^ 1987 | 260.2 | 0.4 | 129.1 | | ||
| - | ^ 1988 | 313.9 | 0.5 | 151.8 | | ||
| - | ^ 1989 | 234.9 | 0.6 | 90.6 | | ||
| - | ^ 1990 | 317.3 | | ||
| - | ^ 1995 | 55.6 | | ||
| - | ^ 1996 | 82.5 | | ||
| - | ^ 1997 | 76.0 | | ||
| - | ^ 1998 | 16.7 | | ||
| - | ^ 1999 | 149.9 | | ||
| - | ^ 2000 | 109.3 | | ||
| - | ^ 2005 | 857.2 | | ||
| - | ^ 2010 | 620.7 | 1.9 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2015 | 886.0 | 3.5 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2016 | 1,148.1 | 4.3 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2017 | 1,418.8 | 4.1 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2018 | 860.8 | 3.9 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2019 | 911.8 | 7.5 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2020 | 105.2 | 9.4 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2021 | | 11.3 | | | ||
| - | ^ 2022 | | 13.0 | | | ||
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| - | === HCB Impurities === | ||
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| - | The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http:// | ||
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| - | === Chlorothalonil === | ||
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| - | Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active substance chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https:// | ||
| - | Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. | ||
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| - | Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, | ||
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| - | For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, | ||
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| - | According to information from the BVL (October 2021, personal communication), | ||
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| - | For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market. | ||
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| - | === Picloram === | ||
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| - | For picloram, a maximum concentration of 50 mg/kg has been specified for some pesticides. Relevant pesticides were introduced in Germany beginning in 2006. Picloram was added to Annex I with the Commission Directive 2008/69/EC ((Directive 2008/69/EC: Commission Directive 2008/69/EC of 1 July 2008 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include clofentezine, | ||
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| - | === Lindane === | ||
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| - | The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the former GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998. | ||
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| - | For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, | ||
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| - | === Other active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine === | ||
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| - | The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III). | ||
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| - | __Table 4: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg/kg__ | ||
| - | ^ ^ Chlorothalonil | ||
| - | | 1987-1994 | ||
| - | | 1995-1997 | ||
| - | | 1998 - 1999 | 300 | 50 | ||
| - | | 2000 | ||
| - | | 2001 - 2017 | 40 | ||
| - | | 2018 - 2022 | 10 | ||
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| - | In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil. | ||
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| - | While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. | ||
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| - | The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, | ||
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| - | ==== Emission factor ==== | ||
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| - | The HCB emission factor was modeled by using the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO 3.31) which is also used for the European registration process of pesticides. The one-dimensional pesticide leaching model has been extended to predict the pesticide volatilisation after agricultural applications under field conditions (Ferrari et al., 2005 ((Ferrari, F., Klein, M., Capri, E., & Trevisan, M. (2005). Prediction of pesticide volatilization with PELMO 3.31. Chemosphere, | ||
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| - | Due to its volatility behaviour in the presence of water vapor even at low temperatures, | ||
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| - | The result of the emission factor is 1 or 100% and represents a fraction that has to be multiplied with the concentration of the applied compound. | ||
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| - | ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== | ||
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| - | The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated from 1987 onwards including atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine. HCB emissions are reported in the NFR tables beginning in 1990. | ||
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| - | HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a) ((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | ||
| - | It is possible that the first " | ||
| - | The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https:// | ||
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| - | //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, | ||
| - | {{ : | ||
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| - | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| - | <WRAP center round info 65%> | ||
| - | With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, | ||
| - | </ | ||
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| - | ===== Uncertainty ===== | ||
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| - | For the calculation of emissions consumption figures (i. e. statistical figures) are used. Therefore, a standard error of HCB content is assumed as 2.5 % for the emission inventory. The 95% confidence interval is therefore 5 %. A normal distribution is assumed. | ||
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| - | The uncertainty for the emission factor was determined using the PELMO model. For this purpose, the applied amounts of HCB on the plant surface were calculated with a vapour pressure reduced by a factor of 10. In addition, the meteorological conditions for modelling were selected in such a way that a range of possible emission factors for different locations was distributed across Europe (from Porto, Portugal, to Jokioinen in Finland). This results in a minimum and maximum emission factor. The maximum range was 30 %; the arithmetic mean was 10 % uncertainty (personal communication, | ||
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| - | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
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| - | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| - | Currently, no source-specific improvements are planned. | ||
| - | </ | ||