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1.A.4.b ii - Residential: Household and Gardening: Mobile

Short description

Under sub-category 1.A.4.b ii - Residential: Mobile Sources in Households and Gardening fuel combustion activities and resulting emissions from combustion engine driven devices such as motor saws, lawn mowers and small leisure boats are being reported.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.4.b ii T1, T2 NS, M CS, M, D

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential

NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
-/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- NE NE

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

Activity data are taken from annual fuel delieveries data provided in line 66: 'Households' of the National Energy Balances (NEB) for Germany (AGEB, 2023) 1).

Table 1: Sources for consumption data in 1.A.4.b ii

Relevant years Data Source
through 1994 AGEB - National Energy Balance, line 79: Households
since 1995 AGEB - National Energy Balance, line 66: Households

Here, given the rare statistics on sold machinery, these activity data is of limited quality only (no annual but cascaded trend).

As the NEB only provides primary activity data for total biomass used in 'households', but does not distinguish into specific biofuels, consumption data for bioethanol used in NFR 1.A.4.b ii are calculated by applying Germany's official annual shares of biogasoline blended to fossil gasoline.

Please note: Data on gasoline used in households as provided in the National Energy Balances represents a “residual item” following the allocation of the majority of this fuel to road and military vehicles. Here, fuel sales to road vehicles might also include gasoline acquired on filling stations but used for household equipment.

Due to these reasons, activity data for gasoline consumption in households machinery and, hence, several emission estimates show no realistic trend but a stepwise development with significant jumps.

Table 2: Annual over-all fuel deliveries to residential mobile sources, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Gasoline 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,459 3,190 3,212 3,267 3,303 3,333 3,278 3,203 3,242 3,305 3,364
Biogasoline NO NO NO 16.5 131 139 142 139 150 141 146 154 153 159
Ʃ 1.A.4.b ii 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,475 3,321 3,352 3,409 3,443 3,483 3,419 3,349 3,396 3,458 3,523

source: AGEB, 2023 2) and TREMOD MM 3)

 annual fuel consumption

These primary activity data can be distributed onto 2- and 4-stroke mobile machinery and boats used in households via annual shares from Knörr et al. (2023b) 4).

Table 3: Annual shares of 2- and 4-stroke engines

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
2-Stroke Machinery 25.0% 43.7% 58.4% 61.8% 65.8% 68.1% 68.3% 68.5% 68.6% 68.7% 68.8% 68.9% 69.1% 69.3%
4-Stroke Machinery 63.7% 44.2% 29.5% 27.0% 23.4% 19.5% 19.1% 18.7% 18.5% 18.3% 18.1% 17.9% 17.7% 17.4%
2-Stroke Boats 10.1% 10.3% 8.80% 5.61% 2.58% 2.11% 1.99% 1.87% 1.74% 1.60% 1.46% 1.33% 1.19% 1.05%
4-Stroke Boats 1.17% 1.79% 3.31% 5.61% 8.28% 10.3% 10.6% 10.9% 11.2% 11.4% 11.7% 11.8% 12.0% 12.2%
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

source: TREMOD MM 5)

Table 4: Resulting estimates for fuel consumption in 2- and 4-stroke engines, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
2-stroke machinery
Gasoline 545 1,046 1,400 2,138 2,098 2,187 2,230 2,263 2,287 2,252 2,203 2,235 2,284 2,331
Biogasoline NO NO NO 10.2 85.8 94.9 96.9 95.4 103 97.1 101 106 106 110
4-stroke machinery
Gasoline 1,387 1,059 705 933 746 627 624 619 615 599 580 581 585 587
Biogasoline NO NO NO 4.44 30.5 27.2 27.1 26.1 27.7 25.8 26.5 27.6 27.1 27.7
2-stroke boats
Gasoline 25.6 43.0 79.2 194 264 331 347 360 372 374 373 384 397 411
Biogasoline NO NO NO 0.92 10.8 14.3 15.1 15.2 16.7 16.1 17.0 18.3 18.4 19.4
4-stroke boats
Gasoline 220 248 211 194 82.4 67.8 65.1 61.7 57.9 52.5 46.9 43.1 39.4 35.4
Biogasoline NO NO NO 0.92 3.37 2.94 2.83 2.60 2.60 2.26 2.14 2.05 1.83 1.67
Ʃ 1.A.4.b ii 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,475 3,321 3,352 3,409 3,443 3,483 3,419 3,349 3,396 3,458 3,523

Emission factors

The emission factors used here are of rather different quality: For all main pollutants, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, annually changing values computed within TREMOD-MM (Knörr et al. (2023b)) 6) are used, representing the development of mitigation technologies and the effect of fuel-quality legislation.

Here, as no such specific EF are available for biofuels, the values used for gasoline are applied to bioethanol, too.

For lead (Pb) from leaded gasoline and corresponding TSP emissions, additional emissions are are calculated from 1990 to 1997 based upon contry-specific emission factors from 7).)

Table 4: Annual country-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM1, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
4-stroke machinery
NH31 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
NMVOC - exhaust1,2 727 819 809 790 805 795 792 790 786 780 767 748 729 710
NMVOC - evaporation1,3 475 1,289 1,604 1,650 1,649 1,628 1,623 1,617 1,613 1,609 1,605 1,600 1,596 1,591
NOx1 51.1 85.3 103 108 122 133 134 135 136 135 130 125 119 115
SOx1 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC 2,5 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
PM2.5, PM10, and TSP 2,4 6.30 5.46 4.85 4.62 4.87 5.15 5.19 5.21 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25
CO 1 40,044 32,179 28,352 27,158 28,013 29,091 29,221 29,313 29,389 29,345 28,982 28,381 27,727 27,050
2-stroke machinery
NH31 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
NMVOC - exhaust1,2 6,121 5,907 5,877 5,813 5,830 3,343 3,198 3,063 2,939 2,835 2,757 2,697 2,651 2,622
NMVOC - evaporation1,3 1.387 1.128 510 392 280 323 326 328 328 328 327 327 327 328
NOx1 19.8 25.7 36.3 53.4 63.7 56.5 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.7 59.2 59.6 59.9 60.1
SOx1 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC 2,4 6.91 6.13 5.13 4.93 4.79 5.46 5.50 5.53 5.56 5.59 5.61 5.62 5.64 5.65
PM2.5, PM10, and TSP 2,4 138 123 103 98.7 95.8 109 110 111 111 112 112 112 113 113
CO 1 20,271 18,743 16,255 15,480 14,682 16,741 16,901 17,049 17,186 17,304 17,397 17,472 17,526 17,563
4-stroke leisure boats
NH31 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
NMVOC - exhaust1,2 952 1.036 1.269 1.373 1.196 897 853 813 779 753 734 722 714 710
NMVOC - evaporation1,3 28.8 55.3 131 164 196 186 185 185 184 184 184 185 187 188
NOx1 383 375 353 345 338 341 325 299 276 256 238 223 210 199
SOx1 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC2,5 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
PM2.5, PM10, and TSP 2,4 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49
CO1 30,204 30,817 32,595 33,248 26,105 18,536 17,387 16,286 15,336 14,583 13,995 13,565 13,241 12,996
2-stroke leisure boats
NH31 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
NMVOC - exhaust1,2 5,614 5,674 5,835 5,952 4,268 2,261 1,938 1,630 1,364 1,138 964 834 740 673
NMVOC - evaporation1,3 159 169 191 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204
NOx1 74.4 74.1 73.0 71.9 72.8 77.4 75.8 71.5 67.5 63.6 59.8 56.3 53.0 50.0
SOx1 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC 2,4 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.6 23.5 23.9 24.3 24.6 24.9 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.3
PM2.5, PM10, and TSP 2,4 422 422 422 422 432 471 479 486 492 498 501 504 505 505
CO1 15,101 15,160 15,311 15,415 12,723 9,056 8,462 7,933 7,475 7,090 6,804 6,604 6,473 6,398
in addition, applied for any use of leaded gasoline (banned in 1997)
Pb6 1,471 516 0.00
TSP from exhaust Pb emissions6 2.35 0.82 0.00

1 due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels
2 from fuel combustion
3 from gasoline evaporation
4 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5)
5 estimated via a f-BCs as provided in 8), Chapter 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, b ii, c ii, 1.A.5.b i - Non-road, note to Table 3-1: Tier 1 emission factors for off-road machinery
6 from leaded gasoline (until 1997)

With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 9)

For lead (Pb) from leaded gasoline and corresponding TSP emissions, additional emissions are are calculated from 1990 to 1997 based upon contry-specific emission factors from 10).

NOTE: For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Given the limited quality of gasoline-deliveries data from NEB line 66, the following emission trends are of limited significance only.

Unregulated pollutants (Ammonia, HMs, POPs, ...)

For all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in fuel consumption.

 annual ammonia emissions

Here, as the emission factors for heavy metals (and POPs) are derived from tier1 default values, the emission's trend is stronlgy influenced by the share of 2-stroke gasoline fuel (containing lube oil with presumably higher HM content) consumed.

Regulated pollutants

For all regulated pollutants, emission trends follow not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflect the impact of fuel-quality and exhaust-emission legislation. However, especially for CO and NOx, trends are strongly influenced by the changes in annual fuel deliveries as provided in NEB line 66.

 annual carbon monoxide emissions  annual nitrogen oxides emissions

Here, emissions of sulphur oxides follow the step-by-step reduction of sulphur contents in liquid fuels, resulting in a reduction of over 95% since 1990.

 annual sulphur oxides emissions

Particulate matter

Over-all PM emissions are by far dominated by emissions from diesel oil combustion with the falling trend basically following the decline in fuel consumption between 2000 and 2005. Nonetheless, the decrease of the over-all emission trend was and still is amplified by the expanding use of particle filters especially to eliminate soot emissions.

Additional contributors such as the impact of TSP emissions from the use of leaded gasoline (until 1997) have no significant effect onto over-all emission estimates.

Here, as the EF(BC) are estimated via fractions provided in 11), black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM2.5.

Recalculations

Compared to the previous submission, recalcultaions in activity data result entirely from the revision of the National Energy Balance 2022.

Table 5: Revised primary activity data 2022, in terajoules [TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
gasoline
current submission 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,459 3,190 3,212 3,267 3,303 3,333 3,278 3,203 3,242 3,305
previous submission 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,459 3,190 3,212 3,267 3,303 3,333 3,278 3,203 3,242 3,233
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 72.1
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.23%
biogasoline
current submission NO NO NO 16.5 131 139 142 139 150 141 146 154 153
previous submission NO NO NO 16.5 131 139 142 139 150 141 146 154 154
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.61
relative change 0.02% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.01% 0.00% -0.40%
over-all fuel consumption
current submission 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,475 3,321 3,352 3,409 3,443 3,483 3,419 3,349 3,396 3,458
previous submission 2,177 2,395 2,395 3,475 3,321 3,352 3,409 3,443 3,483 3,419 3,349 3,396 3,387
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.01 71.5
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.11%

Furthermore, the percental shares of 2- and 4-stroke mobile machinery and boats used in households were revised within TREMOD MM resulting in revised source-specific activity data and, hence, source-specific emissions:

Table 6: Revised percental shares of 2- and 4-stroke mobile machinery and boats used in households

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
4-stroke machinery
current submission 0.250 0.437 0.584 0.618 0.658 0.681 0.683 0.685 0.686 0.687 0.688 0.689 0.691
previous submission 0.250 0.437 0.584 0.618 0.660 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.673 0.672 0.672 0.672 0.673
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.003 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.44% 1.19% 1.51% 1.84% 2.05% 2.21% 2.37% 2.53% 2.69%
2-stroke machinery
current submission 0.637 0.442 0.295 0.270 0.234 0.195 0.191 0.187 0.185 0.183 0.181 0.179 0.177
previous submission 0.637 0.442 0.295 0.270 0.233 0.203 0.200 0.198 0.196 0.195 0.194 0.192 0.190
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 -0.008 -0.009 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.013 -0.013 -0.014
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.41% -3.72% -4.58% -5.46% -5.96% -6.23% -6.51% -6.80% -7.12%
4-stroke boats
current submission 0.012 0.018 0.033 0.056 0.083 0.103 0.106 0.109 0.112 0.114 0.117 0.118 0.120
previous submission 0.012 0.018 0.033 0.056 0.085 0.101 0.103 0.105 0.107 0.109 0.110 0.111 0.112
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -2.64% 1.83% 2.65% 3.45% 4.23% 4.99% 5.74% 6.53% 7.32%
2-stroke boats
current submission 0.101 0.103 0.088 0.056 0.026 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.013 0.012
previous submission 0.101 0.103 0.088 0.056 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.025
absolute change 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 -0.002 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.013
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 19.4% -9.92% -15.8% -21.8% -27.7% -33.7% -39.7% -45.6% -51.6%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

Uncertainty estimates for activity data of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023 (Knörr et al. (2009)) 12): “Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland”.

Uncertainty estimates for emission factors were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published.

Planned improvements

Besides a routine revision of the TREMOD MM model, no specific improvements are planned.

FAQs

Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?

The EF provided in 13) represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant's heavy-metal content as well as (iii) engine wear. Here, there might be no heavy metal contained in biofuels. But since the specific shares of (i), (ii) and (iii) cannot be separated, and since the contributions of lubricant and engine wear might be dominant, the same emission factors are applied to biodiesel and bioethanol.


1), 2) AGEB, 2023: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2030/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 12.12.2023), Köln & Berlin, 2023
3), 4), 5), 6), 7) Knörr et al. (2023b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2023, Heidelberg, 2023.
8), 10), 11) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
9) During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.
12) Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.
13) Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer