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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2023/12/12 12:50] – [Table] kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/12/03 09:18] (current) – old revision restored (2024/11/06 13:54) kotzulla | ||
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====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== | ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== | ||
- | |||
===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
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In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | ||
- | ^ Category Code | + | ^ Category Code ^ |
- | | 1.A.3.c | + | | 1.A.3.c |
| {{page> | | {{page> | ||
+ | \\ | ||
- | ^ ^ NO< | + | ^ NO< |
- | ^ Key Source by: | + | | -/- | -/- | -/- |
- | | {{page> | + | | {{page> |
- | Germany' | + | Germany' |
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
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=== Activity Data === | === Activity Data === | ||
- | Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, | + | Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, |
Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | ||
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__Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | ||
- | ^ Activity | + | ^ Activity |
- | | combustion of: | + | | combustion of: |
- | | Diesel oil | as of 1990: NEB lines 74 and 61: ' | + | | Diesel oil | 1990-2004: NEB lines 74 & 61: ' |
- | | Biodiesel | + | | Biodiesel |
- | | Hard coal | 1990-1994: NEB lines 74; 1995-2004: | + | | Hard coal | 1990-1994: NEB line 74; 1995-2004: |
- | | Hard coal coke | 1990-1997: NEB lines 74 and 61; 1998-2004: | + | | Hard coal coke | 1990-1997: NEB lines 74 & 61; 1998-2004: |
- | | Raw lignite | + | | Raw lignite |
- | | Lignite briquettes | + | | Lignite briquettes |
- | | **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails: | + | | **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails: |
- | | transport performance data | in Mio ptkm (performance-tonne-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model (= weight of entire train incl. engine and load (performance tonnes [pt]) multiplied by mileage [km]) | + | | transport performance data | in Mio ptkm (performance-ton-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model | |
__Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | ||
| | | | ||
| **Diesel Oil** | 38,605 | 31,054 | 25,410 | 18,877 | 14,626 | 13,321 | 13,775 | 11,344 | 9,425 | 10,747 | 10,782 | 11,072 | 10,464 | | | **Diesel Oil** | 38,605 | 31,054 | 25,410 | 18,877 | 14,626 | 13,321 | 13,775 | 11,344 | 9,425 | 10,747 | 10,782 | 11,072 | 10,464 | | ||
- | | **Biodiesel** | + | | **Biodiesel** |
^ Liquids TOTAL | ^ Liquids TOTAL | ||
- | | **Lignite Briquettes** | + | | **Lignite Briquettes** |
- | | **Raw Lignite** | + | |
| **Hard Coal** | | **Hard Coal** | ||
| **Hard Coal Coke** | | **Hard Coal Coke** | ||
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The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | {{ : | ||
- | __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | + | __Table 3: Annual transport performance |
- | | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ | + | | |
- | | **Diesel | + | | **Diesel** |
- | | **Electric | + | | **Electric** |
- | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c | + | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c |
+ | \\ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Transport performance showed only a moderate pandemic-related decrease in 2020 and has fully recovered in 2021 and 2022. | ||
- | {{ : | ||
- | {{ : | ||
- | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2022a) [(KNOERR2022a)] are applied as activity data. | + | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2023a) [(KNOERR2023a)] are applied as activity data. |
==== Emission factors ==== | ==== Emission factors ==== | ||
- | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality: | + | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** |
- | For main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [((bibcite 4))]. | + | |
+ | For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2023a)]. | ||
On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. | On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. | ||
As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | ||
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^ NO< | ^ NO< | ||
^ SO< | ^ SO< | ||
+ | ^ PM< | ||
^ BC< | ^ BC< | ||
- | ^ PM | 44.4 | 43.6 | 36.6 | 23.4 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 11.2 | | ||
^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 95.8 | 94.6 | 93.6 | 90.9 | 89.8 | 90.3 | 90.0 | 87.5 | | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 95.8 | 94.6 | 93.6 | 90.9 | 89.8 | 90.3 | 90.0 | 87.5 | | ||
< | < | ||
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| **Hard coal coke** | | **Hard coal coke** | ||
- | __Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__ | + | __Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in [g/performance-tonnes km] and for 2022__ |
^ | ^ | ||
- | ^ Contact line < | + | ^ Contact line < |
- | ^ Tyres on rails < | + | ^ Tyres on rails < |
^ Braking system < | ^ Braking system < | ||
^ Current collector < | ^ Current collector < | ||
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===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Given the revised NEB 2020, both the **activity | + | **Activity |
__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data 2020, in terajoule__ | __Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data 2020, in terajoule__ | ||
- | | ^ | + | | ^ |
- | ^ current submission | + | ^ current submission |
- | ^ previous submission | + | ^ previous submission |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2022a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. | + | Furthermore, |
- | __Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors | + | In addition, the transport performance data as activity data for the estimation of abrasive emissions from current line, wheels and brakes have been revised for more recent years: |
- | | | + | |
- | | **Non-methane volatile organic compounds - NMVOC** | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Nitrogen oxides - NO< | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Black carbon - BC** | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Particulate matter - PM** (PM< | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Carbon monoxide - CO** |||||||||||||||| | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | + | __Table 7: Revised transport performance data 2017-2021, in [Mio km]__ | |
- | Furthermore, | + | | ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 |
- | + | ^ current submission | |
- | __Table 7: Revised transport performance data, in [Mio km]__ | + | ^ previous submission |
- | | | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ current submission | + | ^ relative change |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
Abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions were revised accordingly. | Abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions were revised accordingly. | ||
<WRAP center round info 65%> | <WRAP center round info 65%> | ||
- | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general: | + | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general: |
</ | </ | ||
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The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | ||
- | [(KNOERR2022a> | + | [(AGEB2023> |
- | [(AGEB2022> | + | [(EMEPEEA2023>EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2023, https:// |
- | [(BAFA2022>BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; | + | |
- | https:// | + | |
[(MWV2021> | [(MWV2021> | ||
[(HEDEL2012> | [(HEDEL2012> | ||
[(ILLICHMANN2016> | [(ILLICHMANN2016> | ||
[(HASENBALG2021> | [(HASENBALG2021> | ||
+ | [(KNOERR2023a> | ||
[(EMEPEEA2019> | [(EMEPEEA2019> | ||
[(RENTZ2008> | [(RENTZ2008> | ||
[(KNOERR2009> | [(KNOERR2009> | ||
- | |||
- |