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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2023/12/12 13:14] – [Table] kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/12/03 09:18] (current) – old revision restored (2024/11/06 13:54) kotzulla | ||
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====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== | ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== | ||
- | |||
===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
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In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | ||
- | ^ Category Code | + | ^ Category Code ^ |
- | | 1.A.3.c | + | | 1.A.3.c |
| {{page> | | {{page> | ||
+ | \\ | ||
- | ^ NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| -/- | -/- | -/- | | -/- | -/- | -/- | ||
| {{page> | | {{page> | ||
- | + | Germany' | |
- | Germany' | + | |
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
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=== Activity Data === | === Activity Data === | ||
- | Total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, 2023) [(AGEB2023)]. | + | Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, 2023) [(AGEB2023)]. This data is based upon sales data of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry (MWV) [(MWV2021)]. As a recent revision of MWV data on diesel oil sales for the years 2005 to 2009 has not yet been adopted to the respective NEBs, this original MWV data has been used for this five years. |
Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | ||
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__Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | ||
- | ^ Activity | + | ^ Activity |
- | | combustion of: | + | | combustion of: |
- | | Diesel oil | as of 1990: NEB lines 74 and 61: ' | + | | Diesel oil | 1990-2004: NEB lines 74 & 61: ' |
- | | Biodiesel | + | | Biodiesel |
- | | Hard coal | 1990-1994: NEB lines 74; 1995-2004: | + | | Hard coal | 1990-1994: NEB line 74; 1995-2004: |
- | | Hard coal coke | 1990-1997: NEB lines 74 and 61; 1998-2004: | + | | Hard coal coke | 1990-1997: NEB lines 74 & 61; 1998-2004: |
- | | Raw lignite | + | | Raw lignite |
- | | Lignite briquettes | + | | Lignite briquettes |
- | | **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails: | + | | **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails: |
- | | transport performance data | in Mio ptkm (performance-tonne-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model (= weight of entire train incl. engine and load (performance tonnes [pt]) multiplied by mileage [km]) | + | | transport performance data | in Mio ptkm (performance-ton-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model | |
__Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | ||
| | | | ||
| **Diesel Oil** | 38,605 | 31,054 | 25,410 | 18,877 | 14,626 | 13,321 | 13,775 | 11,344 | 9,425 | 10,747 | 10,782 | 11,072 | 10,464 | | | **Diesel Oil** | 38,605 | 31,054 | 25,410 | 18,877 | 14,626 | 13,321 | 13,775 | 11,344 | 9,425 | 10,747 | 10,782 | 11,072 | 10,464 | | ||
- | | **Biodiesel** | + | | **Biodiesel** |
^ Liquids TOTAL | ^ Liquids TOTAL | ||
- | | **Lignite Briquettes** | + | | **Lignite Briquettes** |
- | | **Raw Lignite** | + | |
| **Hard Coal** | | **Hard Coal** | ||
| **Hard Coal Coke** | | **Hard Coal Coke** | ||
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The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | {{ : | ||
- | __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | + | __Table 3: Annual transport performance |
- | | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ | + | | |
- | | **Diesel | + | | **Diesel** |
- | | **Electric | + | | **Electric** |
- | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c | + | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c |
- | source: Knörr et al. (2023a) [(KNOERR2023a)] | + | \\ |
+ | |||
+ | Transport performance showed only a moderate pandemic-related decrease in 2020 and has fully recovered in 2021 and 2022. | ||
- | {{ : | ||
- | {{ : | ||
Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2023a) [(KNOERR2023a)] are applied as activity data. | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2023a) [(KNOERR2023a)] are applied as activity data. | ||
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==== Emission factors ==== | ==== Emission factors ==== | ||
- | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality: | + | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** |
- | For main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [((bibcite 4))]. | + | |
- | On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/ | + | For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2023a)]. |
+ | On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/ | ||
As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | ||
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| **Hard coal coke** | | **Hard coal coke** | ||
- | __Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__ | + | __Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in [g/performance-tonnes km] and for 2022__ |
^ | ^ | ||
- | ^ Contact line < | + | ^ Contact line < |
- | ^ Tyres on rails < | + | ^ Tyres on rails < |
^ Braking system < | ^ Braking system < | ||
^ Current collector < | ^ Current collector < | ||
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{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2023)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM< | + | For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM< |
{{ : | {{ : | ||
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===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Given the revised National Energy Balances 2003 to 2021, both the **activity | + | **Activity |
- | Furthermore, an erroneously used value for diesel consumed in 1990 was replaced with the actual | + | |
- | __Table 5: Revised | + | __Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data 2020, in terajoule__ |
- | ^ | + | | |
- | | DIESEL OIL | + | ^ current submission |
- | | current submission | + | ^ previous submission |
- | | previous submission | + | ^ absolute change |
- | | absolute change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | relative change | + | |
- | | BIODIESEL | + | |
- | | current submission | + | |
- | | previous submission | + | |
- | | absolute change | + | |
- | | relative change | + | |
- | | SOLID FUELS ||||||||||||| | + | |
- | | current submission | + | |
- | | previous submission | + | |
- | | absolute change | + | |
- | | relative change | + | |
- | | OVER-ALL FUEL CONSUMPTION | + | |
- | | current submission | + | |
- | | previous submission | + | |
- | | absolute change | + | |
- | | relative change | + | |
+ | Furthermore, | ||
- | Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2023a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed | + | In addition, |
- | __Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels, in kg/TJ__ | + | __Table 7: Revised transport performance data 2017-2021, in [Mio km]__ |
- | | | + | |
- | | **Non-methane volatile organic compounds - NMVOC** | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Nitrogen oxides - NO< | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Black carbon - BC** | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Particulate matter - PM** (PM< | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | | **Carbon monoxide - CO** | | | + | |
- | ^ current submission | + | |
- | ^ previous submission | + | |
- | ^ absolute change | + | |
- | ^ relative change | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Furthermore, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 7: Revised transport performance data 2017ff, in [Mio km]__ | + | |
| ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ | | ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ | ||
^ current submission | ^ current submission | ||
^ previous submission | ^ previous submission | ||
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
Abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions were revised accordingly. | Abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions were revised accordingly. | ||
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The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | ||
- | [(KNOERR2023a> | ||
[(AGEB2023> | [(AGEB2023> | ||
- | [(BAFA2023>BAFA, 2023: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; | + | [(EMEPEEA2023>EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2023, https:// |
- | https:// | + | [(MWV2021> MWV (2021): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table ' |
- | [(KNOERR2023b>Knörr et al. (2023b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2023, Heidelberg, 2023.)] | + | |
[(HEDEL2012> | [(HEDEL2012> | ||
[(ILLICHMANN2016> | [(ILLICHMANN2016> | ||
[(HASENBALG2021> | [(HASENBALG2021> | ||
- | [(EMEPEEA2023> | + | [(KNOERR2023a> |
+ | [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/ | ||
[(RENTZ2008> | [(RENTZ2008> | ||
[(KNOERR2009> | [(KNOERR2009> | ||
- | |||
- |