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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/02/27 13:50] – [Emission factors] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/12/03 10:18] (current) – old revision restored (2024/11/06 13:54) kotzulla
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 In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported.  In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. 
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                           ||||^  EF                                     ||||| +^  Category Code                          ^   Method ^  AD     ^  EF        ^ 
-| 1.A.3.c        |  T1, T2                                                                           |||||  NS, M                                        |||||  CS, D, M                               ||||| +|  1.A.3.c                                |  T1, T2  |  NS, M  |  CS, D, M  | 
-^                ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB   ^  Cd        ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                                 ||||
-| Key Category:  |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  L/-               |  L/-              |  L/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-       |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -/-  | +
- +
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} +
  
 \\ \\
  
-Germany's railway sector is undergoing a long-term modernisation process, aimed at making electricity the main energy source for rail transports. Use of electricity, instead of diesel fuel, to power locomotives has been continually increased, and electricity now provides 80% of all railway traction power. Railways' power stations for generation of traction current are allocated to the stationary component of the energy sector (1.A.1.a) and are not included in the further description that follows here. In energy input for trains of German railways, diesel fuel is the only energy source that plays a significant role apart from electric power. +^  NO<sub>x</sub>                         ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  Pb   ^  Cd   ^  Hg   ^  As   ^  Cr   ^  Cu   ^  Ni   ^  Se   ^  Zn   ^  PCDD/F  ^  B(a)P  ^  B(b)F  ^  B(k)F  ^  I(x)P  ^  PAH1-4  ^  HCB  ^  PCBs  ^ 
 +|  -/-                                    |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             ^  L/-               ^  L/-              ^  L/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-     |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-     |  -/-  |  -/-   | 
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
 + 
 +Germany's railway sector is undergoing a long-term modernisation process aimed at making electricity the main energy source for rail transports. Use of electricity, instead of diesel fuel, to power locomotives has been continually increased, and electricity now provides over 80% of all railway traction power. Railways' power stations for generation of traction current are allocated to the stationary component of the energy sector (1.A.1.a) and are not included in the following. In energy input for trains of German railways, diesel fuel is the only energy source that plays a significant role apart from electric power. 
  
 ===== Methodology ===== ===== Methodology =====
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 The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible.  The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. 
 +
 +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?700 |Annual energy input from liquid fuels }}
 +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?700 |Annual energy input from solid fuels }}
          
 __Table 3: Annual transport performance by mode of traction, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__ __Table 3: Annual transport performance by mode of traction, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__
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 | **Electric**  |  361,515 |  337,853 |  361,633 |  356,605 |  344,546 |  323,387 |  295,798 |  296,280 |  288,336 |  281,130 |  262,268 |  277,395 |  288,761 | | **Electric**  |  361,515 |  337,853 |  361,633 |  356,605 |  344,546 |  323,387 |  295,798 |  296,280 |  288,336 |  281,130 |  262,268 |  277,395 |  288,761 |
 ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c     ^  460,326 ^  396,658 ^  398,870 ^  383,145 ^  371,248 ^  344,785 ^  317,282 ^  317,645 ^  307,916 ^  299,188 ^  279,184 ^  300,423 ^  311,494 ^ ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c     ^  460,326 ^  396,658 ^  398,870 ^  383,145 ^  371,248 ^  344,785 ^  317,282 ^  317,645 ^  307,916 ^  299,188 ^  279,184 ^  300,423 ^  311,494 ^
 +\\
 +
 +Transport performance showed only a moderate pandemic-related decrease in 2020 and has fully recovered in 2021 and 2022.
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?700 |Annual energy input from liquid fuels }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?700 |Annual energy input from solid fuels }} 
  
-Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2022a) [(KNOERR2022a)] are applied as activity data. +Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2023a) [(KNOERR2023a)] are applied as activity data. 
  
 ==== Emission factors ==== ==== Emission factors ====
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 The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality:  The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality: 
  
-For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [((bibcite 4))]. +For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2023a)]. 
 On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F.
 As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet.
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 | **Hard coal coke**  |             4.00 |    0.50 |              120 |              500 |               15.0 |              15.0 |  15.0 |  0.96 |  1,000 | | **Hard coal coke**  |             4.00 |    0.50 |              120 |              500 |               15.0 |              15.0 |  15.0 |  0.96 |  1,000 |
  
-__Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__+__Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in [g/performance-tonnes km] and for 2022__
 ^                                 ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP     ^  BC  ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  As  ^  Cr      ^  Cu      ^  Ni      ^  Se  ^  Zn  ^ ^                                 ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP     ^  BC  ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  As  ^  Cr      ^  Cu      ^  Ni      ^  Se  ^  Zn  ^
-^ Contact line <sup>1</sup>       |            0.00016 |           0.00032 |  0.00032 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  0.00033 |  NA      |  NA  |  NA  | +^ Contact line <sup>1</sup>       |            0.00018 |           0.00036 |  0.00036 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  0.00033 |  NA      |  NA  |  NA  | 
-^ Tyres on rails <sup>2</sup>     |              0.009 |             0.018 |    0.018 |  NA  |  NA                                                              |||||||||+^ Tyres on rails <sup>2</sup>     |              0.010 |             0.020 |    0.020 |  NA  |  NA                                                              |||||||||
 ^ Braking system <sup>3</sup>     |              0.004 |             0.008 |    0.008 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  0.00008 |  NA      |  0.00016 |  NA  |  NA  | ^ Braking system <sup>3</sup>     |              0.004 |             0.008 |    0.008 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  0.00008 |  NA      |  0.00016 |  NA  |  NA  |
 ^ Current collector <sup>4</sup>  |  NE                |  NE               |  NE      |  NE  |  NA                                                              ||||||||| ^ Current collector <sup>4</sup>  |  NE                |  NE               |  NE      |  NE  |  NA                                                              |||||||||
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 [(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)] [(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)]
 [(HASENBALG2021>  Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2021.)] [(HASENBALG2021>  Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2021.)]
 +[(KNOERR2023a> Knörr et al. (2023a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2022.)]
 [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)] [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
 [(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )] [(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )]
 [(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)] [(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]