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sector:energy:fugitive:flaring:start [2023/03/21 12:09] – [1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring] kotzullasector:energy:fugitive:flaring:start [2024/11/06 13:54] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== 1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring ====== ====== 1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring ======
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                               ||||| +^  Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF  ^ 
-| 1.B.2.c        |  T2                                                                               |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +|  1.B.2.c                                |  T2      |  AS  |  CS  | 
-^  Key Category  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                        |||| 
-| 1.B.2.c        |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -/-  |  -     |  -    |  -    | +\\
-.+
  
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+^  NO<sub>x</sub>                         ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  |  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   |  Pb  |  Cd  ^  Hg   |  Additional HM  |  POPs  | 
 +|  -/-                                    |  -/-    |  -/-             |  NA              |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  -/-  |  NA             |  NA    | 
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                       |||||||||||||| 
 +\\
  
-.+Pursuant to general requirements of the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft (2002), gases, steam, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide released from pressure valves and venting equipment must be collected in a gas-collection system. Wherever possible, gases so collected are burned in process combustion. Where such use is not possible, the gases are piped to a flare. Flares used for flaring of such gases must fulfill at least the requirements for flares for combustion of gases from operational disruptions and from safety valves. For refineries and other types of plants in categories 1.B.2, flares are indispensable safety components. In crude-oil refining, excessive pressures can build up in process systems, for various reasons. 
  
-Pursuant to general requirements of the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft (2002), gases, steam, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide released from pressure valves and venting equipment must be collected in a gas-collection system. Wherever possible, gases so collected are burned in process combustion. Where such use is not possible, the gases are piped to a flare. Flares used for flaring of such gases must fulfill at least the requirements for flares for combustion of gases from operational disruptions and from safety valves. For refineries and other types of plants in categories 1.B.2, flares are indispensable safety components. In crude-oil refining, excessive pressures can build up in process systems, for various reasons. Such excessive pressures have to be reduced via safety valves, to prevent tanks and pipelines from bursting. Safety valves release relevant products into pipelines that lead to flares. Flares carry out controlled burning of gases released via excessive pressures. When in place, flare-gas recovery systems liquify the majority of such gases and return them to refining processes or to refinery combustion systems. In the process, more than 99 % of the hydrocarbons in the gases are converted to CO₂ and H₂O. When a plant has such systems in operation, its flarehead will seldom show more than a small pilot flame.+Such excessive pressures have to be reduced via safety valves, to prevent tanks and pipelines from bursting. Safety valves release relevant products into pipelines that lead to flares. Flares carry out controlled burning of gases released via excessive pressures. When in place, flare-gas recovery systems liquify the majority of such gases and return them to refining processes or to refinery combustion systems. In the process, more than 99 % of the hydrocarbons in the gases are converted to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O. When a plant has such systems in operation, its flarehead will seldom show more than a small pilot flame.
  
 __Table 1: Activity data applied for 1.B.2.c__ __Table 1: Activity data applied for 1.B.2.c__
-^                             ^  Unit           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^                             ^  Unit           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2022  ^ 
-| Flared natural gas          | millions of m³  |     36 |     33 |     36 |   18.7 |   12.1 |   10.5 |   14.1 |   11.1 | +| Flared natural gas          | millions of m³  |     36 |     33 |     36 |   18.7 |   12.1 |   10.5 |   14.1 |   10.4 | 
-| Refined crude-oil quantity  | millions of t   |    107 |   96.5 |  107.6 |  114.6 |   95.4 |   93.4 |   84.0 |   84.1 |+| Refined crude-oil quantity  | millions of t   |    107 |   96.5 |  107.6 |  114.6 |   95.4 |   93.4 |   84.0 |   90.0 |
  
 Flaring takes place in extraction and pumping systems and at refineries. In refineries, flaring operations are subdivided into regular operations and start-up / shut-down operations in connection with disruptions.  Flaring takes place in extraction and pumping systems and at refineries. In refineries, flaring operations are subdivided into regular operations and start-up / shut-down operations in connection with disruptions.