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| sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2023/03/21 11:43] – [1.B.2.b.ii - Production] kotzulla | sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2024/11/06 13:54] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| ====== 1.B.2.b - Natural Gas ====== | ====== 1.B.2.b - Natural Gas ====== | ||
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| - | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
| - | | 1.B.2.b | + | | 1.B.2.b |
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| - | ^ Key Category | + | \\ |
| - | | 1.B.2.b | + | ^ NO< |
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| - | {{page> | + | |
| ===== 1.B.2.b.i - Exploration ===== | ===== 1.B.2.b.i - Exploration ===== | ||
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| The emissions of source category 1.B.2.b.ii consist of emissions related to production. Since 1998, the Federal Association of the Natural gas, Oil and Geothermal Energy Industries (BVEG) has determined the emissions from production and published the relevant data in its statistical report. | The emissions of source category 1.B.2.b.ii consist of emissions related to production. Since 1998, the Federal Association of the Natural gas, Oil and Geothermal Energy Industries (BVEG) has determined the emissions from production and published the relevant data in its statistical report. | ||
| - | __Table 1: produced | + | __Table 1: Produced |
| - | ^ activity data | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2020 ^ |
| - | | produced quantities of natural gas | Billion m³ | 15.3 | | + | | 15.3 | 19.1 | 20.1 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 8.6 |
| - | __Table 2: produced quantities of natural | + | __Table 2: Emission factors for Natural |
| - | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Substance |
| - | | Natural gas production | + | | NMVOC | |
| + | | Mercury | ||
| ===== 1.B.2.b.iii - Processing ===== | ===== 1.B.2.b.iii - Processing ===== | ||
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| The natural gas that leaves processing plants is ready for use. The hydrogen sulphide is converted into elementary sulphur and is used primarily by the chemical industry, as a basic raw material. | The natural gas that leaves processing plants is ready for use. The hydrogen sulphide is converted into elementary sulphur and is used primarily by the chemical industry, as a basic raw material. | ||
| - | ^ | + | __Table 3: Sulphur production from natural gas production, in [kt]__ |
| - | | Sulphur production from natural gas production | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 |
| + | | 915 | ||
| For processing of sour gas, data of the BVEG (the former WEG) for the period since 2000 are used. This data is the result of the BVEG members' | For processing of sour gas, data of the BVEG (the former WEG) for the period since 2000 are used. This data is the result of the BVEG members' | ||
| - | ^ Source | + | __Table 4: Emission factors for emissions from treatment |
| - | | Treatment of sour gas | | + | | |
| - | | Treatment of sour gas | | + | ^ |
| - | | Treatment of sour gas | NOx | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.011 | + | ^ |
| - | | Treatment of sour gas | SO2 | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.140 | + | ^ NO< |
| + | ^ SO< | ||
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| In pipeline inspection and cleaning, tools known as pipeline inspection gauges (" | In pipeline inspection and cleaning, tools known as pipeline inspection gauges (" | ||
| - | ^ | + | __Table 5: Activity data applied for NFR 1.B.2.b.iv__ |
| + | ^ | ||
| | Length of transmission pipelines | | Length of transmission pipelines | ||
| - | | Cavern reservoirs | + | | Cavern reservoirs |
| - | | Porous-rock reservoirs | + | | Porous-rock reservoirs |
| Most of the gas extracted in Germany is moved via pipelines from gas fields and their pumping stations (either on land or off the coast). Imported gas is also transported mainly via pipelines. | Most of the gas extracted in Germany is moved via pipelines from gas fields and their pumping stations (either on land or off the coast). Imported gas is also transported mainly via pipelines. | ||
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| The emission factor for underground natural gas storage was derived via surveys of operators and analysis of statistics on accidents / incidents [(LANGER2012)], | The emission factor for underground natural gas storage was derived via surveys of operators and analysis of statistics on accidents / incidents [(LANGER2012)], | ||
| - | <WRAP center round box 50%> | + | __Table 6: NMVOC content |
| - | == Composition | + | ^ 1990 |
| + | | 2,57% | 2,87% | 3,43% | 3,50% | | ||
| - | ^ mean value [(UBA2022)] | ||
| - | | NMVOC | 2,57% | 2,87% | 3,43% | 3,50% | | ||
| - | </ | ||
| ===== 1.B.2.b.v - Distribution ===== | ===== 1.B.2.b.v - Distribution ===== | ||
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| The emissions caused by gas distribution have decreased slightly, even though gas throughput has increased considerably and the distribution network has been enlarged considerably with respect to its size in 1990. One important reason for this improvement is that the gas-distribution network has been modernised, especially in eastern Germany. In particular, the share of grey cast-iron lines in the low-pressure network has been reduced, with such lines being supplanted by low-emissions plastic pipelines. Another reason for the reduction is that fugitive losses in distribution have been reduced through a range of technical improvements (tightly sealing fittings such as flanges, valves, pumps, compressors) undertaken in keeping with emissions-control provisions in relevant regulations (TA Luft (1986) and TA Luft (2002)). | The emissions caused by gas distribution have decreased slightly, even though gas throughput has increased considerably and the distribution network has been enlarged considerably with respect to its size in 1990. One important reason for this improvement is that the gas-distribution network has been modernised, especially in eastern Germany. In particular, the share of grey cast-iron lines in the low-pressure network has been reduced, with such lines being supplanted by low-emissions plastic pipelines. Another reason for the reduction is that fugitive losses in distribution have been reduced through a range of technical improvements (tightly sealing fittings such as flanges, valves, pumps, compressors) undertaken in keeping with emissions-control provisions in relevant regulations (TA Luft (1986) and TA Luft (2002)). | ||
| - | ^ | + | __Table 7: Length of natural gas distribution network, in [km]__ |
| - | | Distribution network of natural gas | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 |
| + | | 282, | ||
| **Pipeline network** | **Pipeline network** | ||
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| The activity data is based on own surveys. | The activity data is based on own surveys. | ||
| - | ^ activity data ^ Unit ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2020 ^ | + | __Table 8: Number of gas meters in the residential and institutional / commercial sector, in Millions__ |
| - | | Gas meters in the residential and institutional / commercial sector | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2020 ^ |
| + | | 10.3 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 | | ||
| The emission factors are country-specific, | The emission factors are country-specific, | ||
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| Use of vehicles running on natural gas continues to increase in Germany. Such vehicles are refuelled at CNG fuelling stations connected to the public gas network. In such refuelling, compressors move gas from high-pressure on-site tanks. Some 900 CNG fuelling stations are now in operation nationwide. In keeping with the stringent safety standards applying to refuelling operations and to the tanks themselves, the pertinent emissions are very low. In the main, emissions result via tank pressure tests and emptying processes. | Use of vehicles running on natural gas continues to increase in Germany. Such vehicles are refuelled at CNG fuelling stations connected to the public gas network. In such refuelling, compressors move gas from high-pressure on-site tanks. Some 900 CNG fuelling stations are now in operation nationwide. In keeping with the stringent safety standards applying to refuelling operations and to the tanks themselves, the pertinent emissions are very low. In the main, emissions result via tank pressure tests and emptying processes. | ||
| - | ^ | + | __Table 9: Number of natural-gas-powered vehicles__ |
| - | | Number of natural-gas-powered vehicles | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 |
| + | | -.- | ||
| ===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| - | Please | + | <WRAP center round info 60%> |
| + | For more details please | ||
| + | </ | ||
| ===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||