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| - | ===== 11.B - Forest Fires ===== | ||
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| - | ==== Short Description ==== | ||
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| - | In Germany’s forests prescribed burning is not applied. Therefore, all forest fires are categorized as wildfires (include emissions from forest fires occurring naturally or caused by humans). - Note that emissions reported here are not accounted for the national totals. | ||
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| - | ^ Method | ||
| - | | CS, T2, T1 | CS | D | ||
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| - | < | ||
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| - | ---- | ||
| - | Legend | ||
| - | T = key source by Trend / L = key source by Level | ||
| - | |||
| - | ---- | ||
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| - | // | ||
| - | D: Default | ||
| - | RA: | ||
| - | T1: Tier 1 / Simple Methodology * | ||
| - | T2: Tier 2* | ||
| - | T3: Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology * | ||
| - | C: CORINAIR | ||
| - | CS: Country Specific | ||
| - | M: Model | ||
| - | as described in the EMEP/ | ||
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| - | ---- | ||
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| - | //AD:- Data Source for Activity Data // | ||
| - | NS: | ||
| - | RS: | ||
| - | IS: | ||
| - | PS: Plant Specific data | ||
| - | AS: | ||
| - | Q: specific questionnaires, | ||
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| - | ---- | ||
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| - | //EF - Emission Factors// | ||
| - | D: Default (EMEP Guidebook) | ||
| - | C: | ||
| - | CS: Country Specific | ||
| - | PS: Plant Specific data</ | ||
| - | |||
| - | ---- | ||
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| - | ==== Methodology ==== | ||
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| - | For calculating the emissions of wildfires a country specific Tier2 approach was used. The mass of carbon emitted M(C) was calculated using the adapted equation follows the methodology of Seiler and Crutzen (1980) ((Seiler, Wolfgang, and Paul J. Crutzen. " | ||
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| - | {{ : | ||
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| - | //M(C) = 0.45 * A * B * β// | ||
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| - | |||
| - | where: | ||
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| - | 0.45 = average fraction of carbon in fuel wood; | ||
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| - | A = forest area burnt in [m²]; | ||
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| - | B = mean above-ground biomass of fuel material per unit area in [kg/m²]; | ||
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| - | β = burning efficiency (fraction burnt) of the above-ground biomass. | ||
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| - | The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2021 have been taken from the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2022)((BLE (Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung), | ||
| - | The mean above-ground biomass and dead wood biomass was derived for each year by linear extrapolation and interpolation between the | ||
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| - | * German National Forest Inventories of 1987, 2002, 2012 (Bundeswaldinventuren 1987, 2002, 2012), | ||
| - | * [[https:// | ||
| - | * [[https:// | ||
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| - | Biomass of Litter was derived for each year by linear interpolation between 1990 and 2006 and extrapolation from 2007 based on the both Forest soil inventories (BZE I Wald (1990)((WOLFF, | ||
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| - | Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires. | ||
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| - | The emissions for the pollutants were calculated by multiplying the mass of carbon with the respective emission factors from table 3-3 (EMEP/EEA, 2019)((EMEP/ | ||
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| - | For the calculation of particulate emissions (TSP, PM< | ||
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| - | The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). | ||
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| - | === Activity data === | ||
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| - | The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2021 are based on the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2021) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. | ||
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| - | __Table 1: Area of forest burnt from 1990 until the latest reporting year, in [ha]__ | ||
| - | ^ 1990 | ||
| - | | 1,606 | 920 | ||
| - | ^ 2001 | ||
| - | | 122 | 122 | ||
| - | ^ 2012 | ||
| - | | 269 | 199 | ||
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| - | === Emission factors === | ||
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| - | For the year 2021 the follwing estimated emission factors were applied: | ||
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| - | __Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2021__ | ||
| - | ^ ^ EF< | ||
| - | | NO< | ||
| - | | CO | 5, | ||
| - | | NMVOC | ||
| - | | SO< | ||
| - | | NH< | ||
| - | | TSP | ||
| - | | PM< | ||
| - | | PM< | ||
| - | | BC | 41.90 | | ||
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| - | In addition, a single but large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under here. A detailed description can be found in the NIR | ||
| - | 2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO< | ||
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| - | The burned area of the drained moor used as a military facility covered 1,221 ha. The fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, | ||
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| - | The product M< | ||
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| - | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| - | * M< | ||
| - | |||
| - | * C< | ||
| - | </ | ||
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| - | For calculating CO emissions, the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)< | ||
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| - | === Recalculations === | ||
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| - | Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the methodology changes (the inclusion of the burning biomass of dead wood and litter, which has not been considered until now). No recalculation was made for the large-scale fire in 2018. | ||
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| - | __Table 3: Recalculation of air pollutant emisssions from 1990 until the latest reported year, in [kt]__ | ||
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| - | | | ||
| - | | Black Carbon (BC) |||||||||||| | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Carbon monoxide | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Ammonia | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Nitrogen oxides | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Particulate Matter <10µm (PM< | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Particulate Matter <2.5µm (PM< | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Sulphur dioxide | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
| - | | Total suspended particles (TSP) |||||||||||| | ||
| - | ^ current submission | ||
| - | ^ previous submission | ||
| - | ^ absolute change | ||
| - | ^ relative change | ||
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