Appendix 2.4 - POP emissions from mobile combustion sources

This appendix chapter provides additional information regarding the approaches applied for estimating exhaust POP emissions from mobile sources in:

• Road Transport (in 1.A.3.b i - iv)
• Non-road Mobile Machinery (in 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, 1.A.4.b ii, 1.A.4.c ii and 1.A.5.b)
• Railways (1.A.3.c)
• Inland vessels and ships (in 1.A.3.d ii)
• Maritime vessels and ships (in 1.A.3.d i, 1.A.3.d ii, 1.A.4.c iii, and 1.A.5.b)
• Aircraft (in 1.A.3.a and 1.A.5.b)

For exhaust emissions of Benzo[a]Pyrene, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, and Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene the tier2 emission factors as provided in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook, Chapter 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv (Update 2025), tables 3-18 to 3-26 ¹⁾ are being used:

For further information on the actual emission factors derived from these default values and applied in the German emissions inventory, please refer to the overview chapter on Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Road Vehicles .

Regarding PCDD/F, a tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) ²⁾ is used instead.

Table 1 provides the emission factors applied for POPs from non-road mobile machinery as covered as part of NFR categories 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, 1.A.4.b ii, 1.A.4.c ii and 1.A.5.b. Please note that these energy input related emssion factors have been derived from mass-related values taking into account the NCVs of the fuels used.

Table 1: Tier1 default emission factors applied to NRMM

For exhaust emissions of Benzo[a]Pyrene, Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, and Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene, tier1 emission factors as provided in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 in chapters 1.A.3.c and 1.A.3.b (Update 2024) are applied. Here, as no tier1 defaults are provided for B[k] and I[123cd]P, the values provided for road heavy-duty vehicles are applied instead, as proposed in Table 3-9 in chapter 1.A.3.c of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023.

From these tier1 defaults, energy-related EF presented in chapter 1.A.3.c - Railways have been derived and are applied in the German emissions inventory.

The following table provides the emission factors applied for POPs from inland vessels as covered as part of NFR category 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation (Shipping). Please note that these energy input related emssion factors have been derived from mass-related values taking into account the NCVs of the fuels used.

Table 2: Tier1 default emission factors applied to inland ships and vessels

The following table provides the emission factors applied for POPs from ships and vessels in both civil and military operation in NFR categories 1.A.3.d i -International Maritime Navigation, 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation (Shipping), 1.A.4.c iii - Fishery and 1.A.5.b iii - Other: Military Navigation. Please note that these energy input related emssion factors have been derived from mass-related values taking into account the NCVs of the fuels used.

Table 3: Tier1 default emission factors applied to maritime ships and vessels

The EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 does not provide specific defaults for POP emissions from the combustion of jet kerosene and aviation gasoline, stating that for for aviation gasoline these emissions are not estimated (NE). Therefore, the inventory compiler decided to apply the tier1 EF for PAHs from gasoline fuel used in non-road mobile machinery here.

Furthermore, both HCB and PCBs emissions are stated as not applicable in ¹¹⁾, chapter 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, Table 3.3 - Tier 1 emission factors for NFR 1.A.3.a.ii.(i): Civil aviation (domestic, LTO).

As the Party assumes that POP emissions from the combustion of jet kerosene are unlikely to occur, these emissions are reported as not applicable (NA).

Tabel 4 provides the emission factors applied for PAH emissions from aircaft in 1A.3.a and 1.A.5.b ii as derived from tier1 EF for PAHs from gasoline fuel used in non-road mobile machinery:

Table 4: Tier1 default emisison factors applied to aircraft, in mg/TJ