Explanation of Key Trends - Fine Particulate Matter (PM₁₀)

Between 1995 and 2024, total PM₁₀ emissions dropped by 49.2%.

The main drivers for PM₁₀ emissions are Fuel Combustion (NFR 1.A) with 48% of total 1995 emissions and a 63% reduction between 1995 and 2024 and, as a total, the Industrial Processes (NFR 2) (and here especially Handling of Bulk Products NFR 2.L) with 38% of total 1995 emissions and a 46% reduction.

Within NFR 1.A, Transport (NFR 1.A.3) produces the biggest part of PM₁₀ emissions. Here, about 88% of the 2024 Transport PM₁₀ emissions are caused by Road Transport (NFR 1.A.3.b). About 15% of these emissions are directly caused by fuel combustion (NFRs 1.A.3.b.i-iv) whereas 85% stem from tyre and brake wear (1.A.3.b.vi) and road abrasion (vii).

Table: PM₁₀ Emissions 1990-2024, in kilotonnes [kt]