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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:start [2026/02/11 14:13] – [Recalculations] roesemannsector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:start [2026/03/16 15:23] (current) – [Table] mielke
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 | [[start#de_-_cultivated_crops|3.D.e]]                                                                                      | Cultivated crops                                                                                       | T2 (NMVOC)                                    | NS, RS  | D                                        | | [[start#de_-_cultivated_crops|3.D.e]]                                                                                      | Cultivated crops                                                                                       | T2 (NMVOC)                                    | NS, RS  | D                                        |
 | [[use_of_pesticides|3.D.f]]                                                                                                | Use of pesticides                                                                                      | T2 (HCB)                                      | NS      | D                                        | | [[use_of_pesticides|3.D.f]]                                                                                                | Use of pesticides                                                                                      | T2 (HCB)                                      | NS      | D                                        |
 +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |||||
  
 ---- ----
  
-^            ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Heavy Metals  |  PAHs  ^  HCB  |  PCBs  | +^                                         ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Pb  |  Cd  |  Hg  |  As  |  Cr  |  Cu  |  Ni  |  Se  |  Zn  |  PCDD/F  |  B(a)P  |  B(b)F  |  B(k)F  |  I(x)P  |  PAH1-4  ^  HCB  |  PCBs  | 
-| 3.D.a.1    ^  L/T             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.1                                 ^  L/T             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.a  ^  L/-             |  IE     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.a                               ^  L/-             |  IE     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.b  |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.b                               |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.c  |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.c                               |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.3    |  -/-             |  IE     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.3                                 |  -/-             |  IE     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.4    |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.4                                 |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.c      |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  **L/-**           ^  L/-              ^  L/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.c                                   |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              ^  L/-               ^  L/-              ^  L/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.e      |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.e                                   |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.f      |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    ^  -/-  |  NA    | +| 3.D.f                                   |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      ^  L/-  |  NA    | 
- {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
 + 
 \\ \\
  
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 __Table 2: Synthetic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg fertilizer N__ __Table 2: Synthetic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg fertilizer N__
-^ Fertilizer type                         ^  EF     ^ +^ Fertilizer type                         ^  EF      ^ 
-| calcium ammonium nitrate                |   0.024 | +| calcium ammonium nitrate                |  0.024   | 
-| ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL)    |   0.087 | +| ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL)    |  0.087   | 
-| urea (up to 2019)                       |   0.195 | +| urea (up to 2019)                       |  0.195   | 
-| urea (from 2020 with urease inhibitor)  |   0.078 | +| urea (from 2020 with urease inhibitor)  |  0.078   | 
-| urea (from 2020 if incorporated)        |  0.0585 | +| urea (from 2020 if incorporated)        |  0.0585  | 
-| ammonium phosphates                     |   0.084 | +| ammonium phosphates                     |  0.084   | 
-| other NK and NPK                        |   0.084 | +| other NK and NPK                        |  0.084   | 
-| other straight fertilizers              |   0.024 |+| other straight fertilizers              |  0.024   |
  
 For NO<sub>x</sub>, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2023)-3D-13 was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1 has the unit of [kg N<sub>2</sub>O per kg fertilizer N] and was derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006)((Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228.)). For NO<sub>x</sub>, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2023)-3D-13 was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1 has the unit of [kg N<sub>2</sub>O per kg fertilizer N] and was derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006)((Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228.)).
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 __Table 3: Emission factor for NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from fertilizer application__ __Table 3: Emission factor for NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from fertilizer application__
-^  Emission factor   ^  kg NO-N  per kg fertilizer N  ^  kg NO<sub>x</sub> per kg fertilizer N  ^ +^  Emission factor    ^  kg NO-N  per kg fertilizer N  ^  kg NO<sub>x</sub> per kg fertilizer N  ^ 
-| EF<sub>fert</sub>  |                          0.012 |                                   0.039 |+|  EF<sub>fert</sub>  |  0.012                         |  0.039                                  |
  
 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
-Since 2016, fertilizer sales have fallen dramatically (by around a third). Emissions have fallen accordingly. This is even more pronounced for NH<sub>3</sub> than for NO<sub>x</sub>, as total NH<sub>3</sub> from the application of mineral fertilizers is, until the year 2019, very strongly correlated with the amount of urea applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64), the sales of which have decreased more than for all other mineral fertilizers. Since 2020 the negative trend is reinforced as urea fertilizer have to be either used with urease inhibitors or have to be incorporated into the soil directly, which reduces emissions. +Since 2016, fertilizer sales have fallen dramatically (by around a third). Emissions have fallen accordingly. This is even more pronounced for NH<sub>3</sub> than for NO<sub>x</sub>, as total NH<sub>3</sub> from the application of mineral fertilizers is, until the year 2019, very strongly correlated with the amount of urea applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64), the sales of which have decreased more than for all other mineral fertilizers. Since 2020 the negative trend is reinforced as urea fertilizer has to be either used with urease inhibitors or has to be incorporated into the soil directly, which reduces emissions. 
  
  
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 ==== Emission factors ==== ==== Emission factors ====
  
-The following table shows the time series of the overall German NH<sub>3</sub> IEF defined as the ratio of total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emission from manure application to the total amount of N spread with manure.+The following table shows the time series of the overall German NH<sub>3</sub> IEF defined as the ratio of total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emission from manure application to the total amount of N spread with manure. For NO<sub>x</sub> the same emission factor like for the application of synthetic fertilizer was used (see Table 3).
  
 __Table 6: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>–N from application of manure__ __Table 6: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>–N from application of manure__
-^  IEF in kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg N in applied manure                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| +^ IEF in kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg N in applied manure                                                                                                                                ||||||||||||||| 
-^                                                    1990 ^   1995 ^   2000 ^   2005 ^   2010 ^   2015 ^   2016 ^   2017 ^   2018 ^   2019 ^   2020 ^   2021 ^   2022 ^   2023 ^   2024 ^ +^  1990                                                  ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^  2023   ^  2024   ^ 
-|                                                   0.216 |  0.204 |  0.196 |  0.183 |  0.175 |  0.165 |  0.163 |  0.162 |  0.159 |  0.157 |  0.154 |  0.154 |  0.157 |  0.155 |  0.154 |+|  0.216                                                 |  0.204  |  0.196  |  0.183  |  0.175  |  0.165  |  0.163  |  0.162  |  0.159  |  0.157  |  0.154  |  0.154  |  0.157  |  0.155  |  0.154  |
 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
 Both NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the application of animal manure are key sources. Total NO<sub>x</sub> is calculated proportionally to the total N applied with manure which decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1991 due to the decline in animal numbers following the German reunification (reduction of livestock numbers in Eastern Germany). In the 1990s and 2000s this was followed by a weakened decline in animal manure amounts. From 2010 to 2014 there was a slight increase and since then the amount of N in manure applied has been declining again, see Table 5. The NO<sub>x</sub> emissions follow these trends. For total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions there is a negative trend. This is due to the decreasing amounts of animal manure and the increasing use of application practices with lower NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors.  Both NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the application of animal manure are key sources. Total NO<sub>x</sub> is calculated proportionally to the total N applied with manure which decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1991 due to the decline in animal numbers following the German reunification (reduction of livestock numbers in Eastern Germany). In the 1990s and 2000s this was followed by a weakened decline in animal manure amounts. From 2010 to 2014 there was a slight increase and since then the amount of N in manure applied has been declining again, see Table 5. The NO<sub>x</sub> emissions follow these trends. For total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions there is a negative trend. This is due to the decreasing amounts of animal manure and the increasing use of application practices with lower NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors. 
 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
  
-For all years, the total emissions of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> from application of manure are slightly higher than those of last year’s submission. +Until 2000, the total emissions of NH<sub>3</sub> from application of manure are higher than those of last year’s submission and thereafter they are lower. For NO<sub>x</sub> the changes are similar, however the change from higher to lower values takes place 20 years later. 
  
-These differences are predominantly caused by a higher estimate of manure N, which is applied, compared to the last submission. Many of the recalculations have an effect on this. The two most important ones are **No. 3** (lower NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors for cattle and pig housing result in more N available for spreading) and **No. 4** (correction of horse numbers by a factor of 2.75), both of which increase emissions see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation reasons.  +These differences are predominantly caused by different estimates of manure N, which is applied, compared to the last submission. Many of the recalculations have an effect on this, especially the **recalculations No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6**. The two most important ones are **No. 3** (the new methodology to calculate N and TAN excretions of dairy cows leads to higher N excretion at the beginning and lower N excretions at the end of the time series, the percentage shares of TAN are lower for all years. The latter is responsible for the earlier change in the trend of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions) and **No. 4** (higher milk yields generally increase excretions), see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation reasons. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3. 
-Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2025. https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2025/-/wikis/home)), Chapter 1.3. +
  
 __Table 7: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 7: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 ===== 3.D.a.2.b – Sewage sludge applied to soils ===== ===== 3.D.a.2.b – Sewage sludge applied to soils =====
-The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from application of sewage sludge is described in Rösemann et al. (2025) ((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2025. https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2025/-/wikis/home)), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. +The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from application of sewage sludge is described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. 
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
  
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 ^  Application of sewage sludge in kt N                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| ^  Application of sewage sludge in kt N                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||
 ^  1990                                  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^  1990                                  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-|                                     27 |     35 |     33 |     27 |     26 |     19 |     19 |     14 |     13 |     16 |     14 |     12 |     12 |     10 |     10 |+|  27                                    |  35    |  33    |  27    |  26    |  19    |  19    |  14    |  13    |  16    |  14    |  12    |  12    |  10    |  10    |
 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
 A Tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2023, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1). NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors. A Tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2023, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1). NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors.
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
  
-There were no recalculations concerning sewage sludge except the replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2022 with data from the Federal Statistical Office. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3. +There were no recalculations concerning sewage sludge except the replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2023 with data from the Federal Statistical Office. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3. 
  
 __Table 9: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 9: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 ===== 3.D.a.2.c - Other organic fertilizers applied to soils ===== ===== 3.D.a.2.c - Other organic fertilizers applied to soils =====
 This sub category contains the total of Germany’s NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from application of  This sub category contains the total of Germany’s NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from application of 
-- residues from digested energy crops,  +   * residues from digested energy crops,  
-- residues from digested waste,  +   * residues from digested waste,  
-- compost from biowaste,  +   * compost from biowaste,  
-- compost from green waste, and +   * compost from green waste, and 
-- imported animal manures.  +   * imported animal manures.  
-For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. +For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. 
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
  
-Activity data is the amount of N in residues from anaerobic digestion of energy crops and waste and of compost from biowaste and green waste when leaving storage, as well as the amount of N in imported animal manures. For energy crops this is the N contained in the energy crops when being fed into the digestion process minus the N losses by emissions of N species from the storage of the residues (see 3.I). N losses from pre-storage are negligible and there are no N losses from fermenter (see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.1). For residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste the amount of N was derived from the waste statistics of the Federal Statistical Office (see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8). For imported manure the amounts of N were derived from statistics published by CBS (Statistics Netherlands) and RVO (Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland) The imported manure is categorized into cattle slurry, pig slurry, poultry manure, horse manure and mixed solid manure. Only imported manures from The Netherlands are taken into account, as for other countries the amounts of imported manures are unknown as are the amounts of exported manure. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8.+Activity data is the amount of N in residues from anaerobic digestion of energy crops and waste and of compost from biowaste and green waste when leaving storage, as well as the amount of N in imported animal manures. For energy crops this is the N contained in the energy crops when being fed into the digestion process minus the N losses by emissions of N species from the storage of the residues (see 3.I). N losses from pre-storage are negligible and there are no N losses from fermenter (see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.1). For residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste the amount of N was derived from the waste statistics of the Federal Statistical Office (see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 2.8). For imported manure the amounts of N were derived from statistics published by CBS (Statistics Netherlands) and RVO (Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland) The imported manure is categorized into cattle slurry, pig slurry, poultry manure, horse manure and mixed solid manure. Only imported manures from The Netherlands are taken into account, as for other countries the amounts of imported manures are unknown as are the amounts of exported manure. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 2.8.
  
 __Table 10: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__ __Table 10: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__
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 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
  
-The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated the same way as the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from application of animal manure (3.D.a.2.a). The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are provided e. g. in the NID 2025, Chapter 17.3.1. It is assumed that residues of digested waste are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as residues from digested energy crops. For compost from biowaste and green waste it is assumed that they are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as cattle solid manure. The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested energy crops applied are obtained from the calculations of emissions from the storage of the digested energy crops (3.I). The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste are derived from industry data (provided by Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost, BGK). For the imported manures it is assumed that the different imported manure types (see above) were applied in the same way as the corresponding domestic animal manure types. Mixed manure was treated like solid manure from goats, sheep and horses. Corresponding TAN contents were derived from publications of the German federal states. As published TAN contents vary strongly, for each imported manure type the maximum of published TAN contents was assumed to prevent an underestimation of the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 2.8.+The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated the same way as the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from application of animal manure (3.D.a.2.a). The frequencies of application techniques and incorporation times as well as the underlying data sources are provided e. g. in the NID 2025, Chapter 17.3.1. It is assumed that residues of digested waste are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as residues from digested energy crops. For compost from biowaste and green waste it is assumed that they are applied in the same way and have the same emission factors as cattle solid manure. The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested energy crops applied are obtained from the calculations of emissions from the storage of the digested energy crops (3.I). The amounts of TAN in the residues from digested waste, compost from biowaste and compost from green waste are derived from industry data (provided by Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost, BGK). For the imported manures it is assumed that the different imported manure types (see above) were applied in the same way as the corresponding domestic animal manure types. Mixed manure was treated like solid manure from goats, sheep and horses. Corresponding TAN contents were derived from publications of the German federal states. As published TAN contents vary strongly, for each imported manure type the maximum of published TAN contents was assumed to prevent an underestimation of the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 2.8.
  
-For NO<sub>x</sub> emissions the Tier 1 approach for the application of synthetic fertilizer as described in EMEP (2023)-3D-13  is used. The inventory calculates NO emissions that are subsequently converted into NO<sub>x</sub> emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/30. +For NO<sub>x</sub> emissions the Tier 1 approach as described in EMEP (2023)-3D-13  is used. The inventory calculates NO emissions that are subsequently converted into NO<sub>x</sub> emissions by multiplying with the molar weight ratio 46/30. 
  
  
 ==== Emission factors ==== ==== Emission factors ====
  
-For NH<sub>3</sub> the emission factors for untreated cattle slurry were adopted for residues from digested energy crops and residues from waste. The emission factors for cattle solid manure were adopted for compost from biowaste and compost from green waste, see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. For imported manures the corresponding emission factors of the same type of domestic manure were used. +For NH<sub>3</sub> the emission factors for untreated cattle slurry were adopted for residues from digested energy crops and residues from waste. The emission factors for cattle solid manure were adopted for compost from biowaste and compost from green waste, see Vos et al. (2026), Chapters 5.2.1.2 and 5.2.2.2. For imported manures the corresponding emission factors of the same type of domestic manure were used. 
  
-As the NO<sub>x</sub> method for fertilizer application is used for the calculation of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the application of residues, the emission factor for fertilizer application was used (see Table 3). +For NO<sub>x</sub> the same emission factor like for the application of synthetic fertilizer was used (see Table 3).
  
 __Table 11: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__ __Table 11: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from application of other organic fertilizers__
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
  
-Recalculations after 2013 are mainly due to the update of activity data. Concerning NH<sub>3</sub> emissions, small differences occur in all years. This is because the underlying spatial distribution of imported manure is different, which results in different IEFs compared to last year’s submission. Another reason is the interpolation of RAUMIS distribution data before 1999 (see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation **reasons, 19, 20 and 21**, and Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3). +Recalculations after 2009 are mainly due to the update of activity data. Concerning NH<sub>3</sub> emissions, small differences occur in all years. This is because the underlying spatial distribution of imported manure is different, which results in different IEFs compared to last year’s submission (see [[sector:agriculture:start|main page of the agricultural sector]], list of recalculation **reasons No. 19 and No. 1** (for the year 2023 also **reason No. 18 and No. 20**), and Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3). 
  
 __Table 12: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from application of other organic fertilizers [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 12: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from application of other organic fertilizers [kt] with previous submission__
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 =====  3.D.a.3 - Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals ===== =====  3.D.a.3 - Urine and dung deposited by grazing animals =====
-The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from N excretions on pasture is described in Rösemann et al. (2025),  Chapters 5.2.1.1 and 5.2.2.1. +The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> (NO) emissions from N excretions on pasture is described in Vos et al. (2026),  Chapters 5.2.1.1 and 5.2.2.1. 
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
  
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 ==== Emission Factors ==== ==== Emission Factors ====
  
-The emission factors for NH<sub>3</sub> are taken from EMEP (2023)-3B-29, Table 3.9. They relate to the amount of TAN excreted on pasture. For laying hens, deer and ostriches there are no emission factors given in this table. Germany uses for laying hens an emission factor of 0.35 kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg TAN excreted, based on an expert judgement from KTBL (see Rösemann et al. 2025, Chapter 5.2.1.1). The same EF is used by UK. It was also used for ostriches. For deer the emission factor of sheep was adopted.+The emission factors for NH<sub>3</sub> are taken from EMEP (2023)-3B-29, Table 3.9. They relate to the amount of TAN excreted on pasture. For laying hens, deer and ostriches there are no emission factors given in this table. Germany uses for laying hens an emission factor of 0.35 kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg TAN excreted, based on an expert judgement from KTBL (see Vos et al. 2026, Chapter 5.2.1.1). The same EF is used by UK. It was also used for ostriches. For deer the emission factor of sheep was adopted.
  
 Following the intention of EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1, the inventory uses for NO<sub>x</sub> the same emission factor as for the application of synthetic fertilizer (see Table 3). In order to obtain NO<sub>x</sub> emissions (as NO<sub>2</sub>) the NO-N emission factor of 0.12 kg NO-N per kg N excreted is multiplied by 46/14.  Following the intention of EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1, the inventory uses for NO<sub>x</sub> the same emission factor as for the application of synthetic fertilizer (see Table 3). In order to obtain NO<sub>x</sub> emissions (as NO<sub>2</sub>) the NO-N emission factor of 0.12 kg NO-N per kg N excreted is multiplied by 46/14. 
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
  
-For all years, totals of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from grazing are slightly higher than those of last year’s submission.  +Until 2012, NH<sub>3</sub> grazing emissions are lower than those of last year’s submission and thereafter they are higher. For NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from grazing in all years are higher than those of last year’s submission. **Recalculations No. 3** (new methodology to calculate N and TAN excretions of dairy cows) and **No. 4** (higher milk yields) lead in combination to higher N excretion of dairy cows, especially at the beginning of the time series, but to lower TAN excretions for all years. Since NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are related to TAN excretion and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are related to N excretion, this leads to lower NH3 and higher NO emissions. **Recalculation No. 6** (higher N (and TAN) excretion for heavy horses as of 2011) is the reason why, after 2012, NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are higher compared with last year’s submission. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3.  
- +
-The main reason for that is the correction of the horse animal numbers by a factor of 2.75 (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, **No. 4)**. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.  +
  
 __Table 15: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 15: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 =====  3.D.a.4 - Crop residues applied to soil ===== =====  3.D.a.4 - Crop residues applied to soil =====
-The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> from crop residues is described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.1.3. According to EMEP (2023) NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are only occurring in a significant amount from crop residues on the soil surface, which are present more than three days and have an N content of more than 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. This means that there are no NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from most crop residues of the most commonly used crops in Germany. The major source of the emissions are residues of grassland cuts.+The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> from crop residues is described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.1.3. According to EMEP (2023) NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are only occurring in a significant amount from crop residues on the soil surface, which are present more than three days and have an N content of more than 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. This means that there are no NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from most crop residues of the most commonly used crops in Germany. The major source of the emissions are residues of grassland cuts.
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
-The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated proportionally to the amounts of N stored in the above-ground biomass, according to EMEP (2023).This requires the knowledge of the areas of cultivation, of crop yields and of the N contents of the above ground crop residues. +The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated proportionally to the amounts of N stored in the above-ground biomass, according to EMEP (2023). This requires the knowledge of the areas of cultivation, of crop yields and of the N contents of the above ground crop residues. 
  
 __Table 16: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues__ __Table 16: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues__
 ^  N in aboveground crop residues in kt N                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| ^  N in aboveground crop residues in kt N                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||
 ^  1990                                    ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^  1990                                    ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-|                                      370 |    377 |    418 |    429 |    411 |    417 |    416 |    443 |    348 |    391 |    403 |    425 |    413 |    424 |    424 |+|  370                                     |  377   |  418   |  429   |  411   |  417   |  416   |  443   |  348   |  391   |  403   |  425   |  413   |  424   |  424   |
 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
 According to EMEP (2023) the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues can be neglected when the crop residues are on the field for less than three days. Thus the first step in the emission calculation is determining which share of the crop residues of each crop are incorporated into the soil or removed in the first three days after harvesting the crop. The remaining amounts are multiplied with their respective N contents and the resulting amounts of N are then multiplied with the NH<sub>3</sub>-emission factor. According to EMEP (2023) the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues can be neglected when the crop residues are on the field for less than three days. Thus the first step in the emission calculation is determining which share of the crop residues of each crop are incorporated into the soil or removed in the first three days after harvesting the crop. The remaining amounts are multiplied with their respective N contents and the resulting amounts of N are then multiplied with the NH<sub>3</sub>-emission factor.
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 According to the methodology given in EMEP (2023) the emission factor for the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues applied to the soil is zero if the N content of the above ground crop residues is below or equal to the threshold of 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. In all other cases the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is determined using the following linear regression, see EMEP (2023): According to the methodology given in EMEP (2023) the emission factor for the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues applied to the soil is zero if the N content of the above ground crop residues is below or equal to the threshold of 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. In all other cases the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is determined using the following linear regression, see EMEP (2023):
  
-EF_//NH//<sub>3</sub><sub>x</sub>=(410×N<sub>above dm</sub><sub>x</sub> -5.42)÷100 +EF_//NH//<sub>3</sub><sub>x</sub>=(410×N<sub>above dm</sub><sub>x</sub> -5.42)/100 
  
  
-Where x is the according crop and N<sub>above</sub> dm is the N content of the above ground dry matter.+Where x is the according crop and N<sub>above dm</sub> is the N content of the above ground dry matter.
 The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from crop residues to the total N in aboveground crop residues. The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from crop residues to the total N in aboveground crop residues.
  
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
-There are no recalculations because this source is reported the first time.+For all years, NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues are slightly higher than those of last year's submission. The main reason for this is **recalculation No. 15** (update of number of grassland cuts). Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3.
  
 __Table 18: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 18: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 ===== 3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products ===== ===== 3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products =====
-In this category Germany reports TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-22. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4.  +In this category Germany reports TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-22. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.4.  
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
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 Emission factors given in EMEP (2023)-3D-18, Tables 3.6 and 3.8 are used with the exception of „Harvesting“ PM<sub>10</sub>-factors for Wheat, Rye, Barley and Oat which were taken from the Danish IIR. These Guidebook-EFs are obviously too high by a factor of 10 and were corrected in the Danish IIR.  Emission factors given in EMEP (2023)-3D-18, Tables 3.6 and 3.8 are used with the exception of „Harvesting“ PM<sub>10</sub>-factors for Wheat, Rye, Barley and Oat which were taken from the Danish IIR. These Guidebook-EFs are obviously too high by a factor of 10 and were corrected in the Danish IIR. 
  
-The missing default-EFs for „other arable“ in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook were replaced with the average of the EFs of wheat, rye, barley and oat, as it was done in the Danish IIR. The PM<sub>10</sub> EFs were also used as TSP EFs. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). For details on country specific numbers of agricultural crop operations see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4. +The missing default-EFs for „other arable“ in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook were replaced with the average of the EFs of wheat, rye, barley and oat, as it was done in the Danish IIR. The PM<sub>10</sub> EFs were also used as TSP EFs. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). For details on country specific numbers of agricultural crop operations see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.4. 
  
 __Table 20: Implied emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils, in kg ha<sup>-1</sup>__ __Table 20: Implied emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils, in kg ha<sup>-1</sup>__
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 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
  
-TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> are key sources. Emissions depend on the areas covered, crop types and number of crop operations. With the exception of the numbers of soil cultivations, which is slightly decreasing, these data are relatively constant. Overall this is reflected in a slight decline of emissions in the last 12 years. +TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> are key sources. Emissions depend on the areas covered, crop types and number of crop operations. With the exception of the numbers of soil cultivations, which is slightly decreasing, these data are relatively constant. Overall this is reflected in a slight decline of emissions in the last years. 
  
 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
- +There were no recalculations. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3. 
-For all years, totals of TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are higher than those of last year’s submission. This is mostly due to the introduction of cover crops to the calculation method (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, No. 2). Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.  +
  
 __Table 21: Comparison of particle emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> & PM<sub>2.5</sub>) [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 21: Comparison of particle emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> & PM<sub>2.5</sub>) [kt] with previous submission__
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 =====  3.D.e - Cultivated crops ===== =====  3.D.e - Cultivated crops =====
-In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-21. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.3. +In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-21. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.3. 
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
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 __Table 24: Comparison of NMVOC emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 24: Comparison of NMVOC emissions [kt] with previous submission__
 ^        ^ Submission           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^        ^ Submission           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-^ NMVOC  ^ current              |   7.69 |   8.19 |   8.79 |   9.17 |   9.53 |   9.91 |   9.69 |   9.74 |   7.82 |   8.56 |   9.16 |   9.44 |   8.91 |   9.23 |   8.87 | +^ NMVOC  ^ current              |  7.69  |  8.19  |  8.79  |  9.17  |  9.53  |  9.91  |  9.69  |  9.74  |  7.82  |  8.56  |  9.16  |  9.44  |  8.91  |  9.23  |  8.87  | 
-| :::    ^ previous             |   7.69 |   8.19 |   8.79 |   9.17 |   9.53 |   9.91 |   9.69 |   9.74 |   7.82 |   8.56 |   9.16 |   9.44 |   8.91 |   9.23 |        |+| :::    ^ previous             |  7.69  |  8.19  |  8.79  |  9.17  |  9.53  |  9.91  |  9.69  |  9.74  |  7.82  |  8.56  |  9.16  |  9.44  |  8.91  |  9.23  |        |
 | :::    ^ absolute change      |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        | | :::    ^ absolute change      |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        |
 | :::    ^ relative change [%]  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        | | :::    ^ relative change [%]  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        |
  
 <WRAP center round info 65%> <WRAP center round info 65%>
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].+For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2023**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 ==== Planned improvements ==== ==== Planned improvements ====