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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:start [2026/02/11 15:50] – [Emission Factors] roesemannsector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:start [2026/03/16 15:23] (current) – [Table] mielke
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 | [[start#de_-_cultivated_crops|3.D.e]]                                                                                      | Cultivated crops                                                                                       | T2 (NMVOC)                                    | NS, RS  | D                                        | | [[start#de_-_cultivated_crops|3.D.e]]                                                                                      | Cultivated crops                                                                                       | T2 (NMVOC)                                    | NS, RS  | D                                        |
 | [[use_of_pesticides|3.D.f]]                                                                                                | Use of pesticides                                                                                      | T2 (HCB)                                      | NS      | D                                        | | [[use_of_pesticides|3.D.f]]                                                                                                | Use of pesticides                                                                                      | T2 (HCB)                                      | NS      | D                                        |
 +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |||||
  
 ---- ----
  
-^            ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Heavy Metals  |  PAHs  ^  HCB  |  PCBs  | +^                                         ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Pb  |  Cd  |  Hg  |  As  |  Cr  |  Cu  |  Ni  |  Se  |  Zn  |  PCDD/F  |  B(a)P  |  B(b)F  |  B(k)F  |  I(x)P  |  PAH1-4  ^  HCB  |  PCBs  | 
-| 3.D.a.1    ^  L/T             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.1                                 ^  L/T             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.a  ^  L/-             |  IE     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.a                               ^  L/-             |  IE     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.b  |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.b                               |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.2.c  |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.2.c                               |  -/-             |  NA     |  NA              ^  L/T             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.3    |  -/-             |  IE     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.3                                 |  -/-             |  IE     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.a.4    |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.a.4                                 |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  -/-             |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.c      |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  **L/-**           ^  L/-              ^  L/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.c                                   |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              ^  L/-               ^  L/-              ^  L/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.e      |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    |  NA   |  NA    | +| 3.D.e                                   |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      |  NA   |  NA    | 
-| 3.D.f      |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    ^  -/-  |  NA    | +| 3.D.f                                   |  NA              |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA     |  NA      ^  L/-  |  NA    | 
- {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
 + 
 \\ \\
  
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 __Table 2: Synthetic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg fertilizer N__ __Table 2: Synthetic fertilizers, emission factors in kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg fertilizer N__
-^ Fertilizer type                         ^  EF     ^ +^ Fertilizer type                         ^  EF      ^ 
-| calcium ammonium nitrate                |   0.024 | +| calcium ammonium nitrate                |  0.024   | 
-| ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL)    |   0.087 | +| ammonia nitrate urea solutions (AHL)    |  0.087   | 
-| urea (up to 2019)                       |   0.195 | +| urea (up to 2019)                       |  0.195   | 
-| urea (from 2020 with urease inhibitor)  |   0.078 | +| urea (from 2020 with urease inhibitor)  |  0.078   | 
-| urea (from 2020 if incorporated)        |  0.0585 | +| urea (from 2020 if incorporated)        |  0.0585  | 
-| ammonium phosphates                     |   0.084 | +| ammonium phosphates                     |  0.084   | 
-| other NK and NPK                        |   0.084 | +| other NK and NPK                        |  0.084   | 
-| other straight fertilizers              |   0.024 |+| other straight fertilizers              |  0.024   |
  
 For NO<sub>x</sub>, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2023)-3D-13 was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1 has the unit of [kg N<sub>2</sub>O per kg fertilizer N] and was derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006)((Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228.)). For NO<sub>x</sub>, the simpler methodology by EMEP (2023)-3D-13 was used. The emission factor 0.040 from EMEP, 2023-3D, Table 3.1 has the unit of [kg N<sub>2</sub>O per kg fertilizer N] and was derived from Stehfest and Bouwman (2006)((Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228.)).
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 __Table 3: Emission factor for NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from fertilizer application__ __Table 3: Emission factor for NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from fertilizer application__
-^  Emission factor   ^  kg NO-N  per kg fertilizer N  ^  kg NO<sub>x</sub> per kg fertilizer N  ^ +^  Emission factor    ^  kg NO-N  per kg fertilizer N  ^  kg NO<sub>x</sub> per kg fertilizer N  ^ 
-| EF<sub>fert</sub>  |                          0.012 |                                   0.039 |+|  EF<sub>fert</sub>  |  0.012                         |  0.039                                  |
  
 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
-Since 2016, fertilizer sales have fallen dramatically (by around a third). Emissions have fallen accordingly. This is even more pronounced for NH<sub>3</sub> than for NO<sub>x</sub>, as total NH<sub>3</sub> from the application of mineral fertilizers is, until the year 2019, very strongly correlated with the amount of urea applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64), the sales of which have decreased more than for all other mineral fertilizers. Since 2020 the negative trend is reinforced as urea fertilizer have to be either used with urease inhibitors or have to be incorporated into the soil directly, which reduces emissions. +Since 2016, fertilizer sales have fallen dramatically (by around a third). Emissions have fallen accordingly. This is even more pronounced for NH<sub>3</sub> than for NO<sub>x</sub>, as total NH<sub>3</sub> from the application of mineral fertilizers is, until the year 2019, very strongly correlated with the amount of urea applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64), the sales of which have decreased more than for all other mineral fertilizers. Since 2020 the negative trend is reinforced as urea fertilizer has to be either used with urease inhibitors or has to be incorporated into the soil directly, which reduces emissions. 
  
  
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 __Table 6: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>–N from application of manure__ __Table 6: IEF for NH<sub>3</sub>–N from application of manure__
-^  IEF in kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg N in applied manure                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| +^ IEF in kg NH<sub>3</sub>-N per kg N in applied manure                                                                                                                                ||||||||||||||| 
-^                                                    1990 ^   1995 ^   2000 ^   2005 ^   2010 ^   2015 ^   2016 ^   2017 ^   2018 ^   2019 ^   2020 ^   2021 ^   2022 ^   2023 ^   2024 ^ +^  1990                                                  ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^  2023   ^  2024   ^ 
-|                                                   0.216 |  0.204 |  0.196 |  0.183 |  0.175 |  0.165 |  0.163 |  0.162 |  0.159 |  0.157 |  0.154 |  0.154 |  0.157 |  0.155 |  0.154 |+|  0.216                                                 |  0.204  |  0.196  |  0.183  |  0.175  |  0.165  |  0.163  |  0.162  |  0.159  |  0.157  |  0.154  |  0.154  |  0.157  |  0.155  |  0.154  |
 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
 Both NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the application of animal manure are key sources. Total NO<sub>x</sub> is calculated proportionally to the total N applied with manure which decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1991 due to the decline in animal numbers following the German reunification (reduction of livestock numbers in Eastern Germany). In the 1990s and 2000s this was followed by a weakened decline in animal manure amounts. From 2010 to 2014 there was a slight increase and since then the amount of N in manure applied has been declining again, see Table 5. The NO<sub>x</sub> emissions follow these trends. For total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions there is a negative trend. This is due to the decreasing amounts of animal manure and the increasing use of application practices with lower NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors.  Both NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from the application of animal manure are key sources. Total NO<sub>x</sub> is calculated proportionally to the total N applied with manure which decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1991 due to the decline in animal numbers following the German reunification (reduction of livestock numbers in Eastern Germany). In the 1990s and 2000s this was followed by a weakened decline in animal manure amounts. From 2010 to 2014 there was a slight increase and since then the amount of N in manure applied has been declining again, see Table 5. The NO<sub>x</sub> emissions follow these trends. For total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions there is a negative trend. This is due to the decreasing amounts of animal manure and the increasing use of application practices with lower NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors. 
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 ^  Application of sewage sludge in kt N                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| ^  Application of sewage sludge in kt N                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||
 ^  1990                                  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^  1990                                  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-|                                     27 |     35 |     33 |     27 |     26 |     19 |     19 |     14 |     13 |     16 |     14 |     12 |     12 |     10 |     10 |+|  27                                    |  35    |  33    |  27    |  26    |  19    |  19    |  14    |  13    |  16    |  14    |  12    |  12    |  10    |  10    |
 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
 A Tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2023, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1). NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors. A Tier 1 methodology is used (EMEP, 2023, 3D, Chapter 3.3.1). NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are calculated by multiplying the amounts of N in sewage sludge applied with the respective emission factors.
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
  
-For all years, totals of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from grazing are slightly higher than those of last year’s submission.  +Until 2012, NH<sub>3</sub> grazing emissions are lower than those of last year’s submission and thereafter they are higher. For NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from grazing in all years are higher than those of last year’s submission. **Recalculations No. 3** (new methodology to calculate N and TAN excretions of dairy cows) and **No. 4** (higher milk yields) lead in combination to higher N excretion of dairy cows, especially at the beginning of the time series, but to lower TAN excretions for all years. Since NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are related to TAN excretion and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are related to N excretion, this leads to lower NH3 and higher NO emissions. **Recalculation No. 6** (higher N (and TAN) excretion for heavy horses as of 2011) is the reason why, after 2012, NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are higher compared with last year’s submission. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3.  
- +
-The main reason for that is the correction of the horse animal numbers by a factor of 2.75 (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, **No. 4)**. Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.  +
  
 __Table 15: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 15: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 =====  3.D.a.4 - Crop residues applied to soil ===== =====  3.D.a.4 - Crop residues applied to soil =====
-The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> from crop residues is described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.1.3. According to EMEP (2023) NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are only occurring in a significant amount from crop residues on the soil surface, which are present more than three days and have an N content of more than 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. This means that there are no NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from most crop residues of the most commonly used crops in Germany. The major source of the emissions are residues of grassland cuts.+The calculation of NH<sub>3</sub> from crop residues is described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.1.3. According to EMEP (2023) NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are only occurring in a significant amount from crop residues on the soil surface, which are present more than three days and have an N content of more than 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. This means that there are no NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from most crop residues of the most commonly used crops in Germany. The major source of the emissions are residues of grassland cuts.
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
-The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated proportionally to the amounts of N stored in the above-ground biomass, according to EMEP (2023).This requires the knowledge of the areas of cultivation, of crop yields and of the N contents of the above ground crop residues. +The NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are calculated proportionally to the amounts of N stored in the above-ground biomass, according to EMEP (2023). This requires the knowledge of the areas of cultivation, of crop yields and of the N contents of the above ground crop residues. 
  
 __Table 16: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues__ __Table 16: AD for the estimation of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues__
 ^  N in aboveground crop residues in kt N                                                                                                                  ||||||||||||||| ^  N in aboveground crop residues in kt N                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||
 ^  1990                                    ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^  1990                                    ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-|                                      370 |    377 |    418 |    429 |    411 |    417 |    416 |    443 |    348 |    391 |    403 |    425 |    413 |    424 |    424 |+|  370                                     |  377   |  418   |  429   |  411   |  417   |  416   |  443   |  348   |  391   |  403   |  425   |  413   |  424   |  424   |
 ==== Methodology ==== ==== Methodology ====
 According to EMEP (2023) the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues can be neglected when the crop residues are on the field for less than three days. Thus the first step in the emission calculation is determining which share of the crop residues of each crop are incorporated into the soil or removed in the first three days after harvesting the crop. The remaining amounts are multiplied with their respective N contents and the resulting amounts of N are then multiplied with the NH<sub>3</sub>-emission factor. According to EMEP (2023) the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues can be neglected when the crop residues are on the field for less than three days. Thus the first step in the emission calculation is determining which share of the crop residues of each crop are incorporated into the soil or removed in the first three days after harvesting the crop. The remaining amounts are multiplied with their respective N contents and the resulting amounts of N are then multiplied with the NH<sub>3</sub>-emission factor.
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 According to the methodology given in EMEP (2023) the emission factor for the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues applied to the soil is zero if the N content of the above ground crop residues is below or equal to the threshold of 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. In all other cases the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is determined using the following linear regression, see EMEP (2023): According to the methodology given in EMEP (2023) the emission factor for the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues applied to the soil is zero if the N content of the above ground crop residues is below or equal to the threshold of 0.0132 kg N per kg dry matter. In all other cases the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is determined using the following linear regression, see EMEP (2023):
  
-EF_//NH//<sub>3</sub><sub>x</sub>=(410×N<sub>above dm</sub><sub>x</sub> -5.42)÷100 +EF_//NH//<sub>3</sub><sub>x</sub>=(410×N<sub>above dm</sub><sub>x</sub> -5.42)/100 
  
  
-Where x is the according crop and N<sub>above</sub> dm is the N content of the above ground dry matter.+Where x is the according crop and N<sub>above dm</sub> is the N content of the above ground dry matter.
 The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from crop residues to the total N in aboveground crop residues. The implied emission factors provided in the following table are defined as ratio of the total NH<sub>3</sub>-N emissions from crop residues to the total N in aboveground crop residues.
  
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 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
-There are no recalculations because this source is reported the first time.+For all years, NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from crop residues are slightly higher than those of last year's submission. The main reason for this is **recalculation No. 15** (update of number of grassland cuts). Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3.
  
 __Table 18: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 18: Comparison of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions [kt] with previous submission__
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 ===== 3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products ===== ===== 3.D.c - Farm-level agricultural operations including storage, handling and transport of agricultural products =====
-In this category Germany reports TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-22. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4.  +In this category Germany reports TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-22. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.4.  
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
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 Emission factors given in EMEP (2023)-3D-18, Tables 3.6 and 3.8 are used with the exception of „Harvesting“ PM<sub>10</sub>-factors for Wheat, Rye, Barley and Oat which were taken from the Danish IIR. These Guidebook-EFs are obviously too high by a factor of 10 and were corrected in the Danish IIR.  Emission factors given in EMEP (2023)-3D-18, Tables 3.6 and 3.8 are used with the exception of „Harvesting“ PM<sub>10</sub>-factors for Wheat, Rye, Barley and Oat which were taken from the Danish IIR. These Guidebook-EFs are obviously too high by a factor of 10 and were corrected in the Danish IIR. 
  
-The missing default-EFs for „other arable“ in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook were replaced with the average of the EFs of wheat, rye, barley and oat, as it was done in the Danish IIR. The PM<sub>10</sub> EFs were also used as TSP EFs. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). For details on country specific numbers of agricultural crop operations see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.4. +The missing default-EFs for „other arable“ in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook were replaced with the average of the EFs of wheat, rye, barley and oat, as it was done in the Danish IIR. The PM<sub>10</sub> EFs were also used as TSP EFs. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). For details on country specific numbers of agricultural crop operations see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.4. 
  
 __Table 20: Implied emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils, in kg ha<sup>-1</sup>__ __Table 20: Implied emission factors for PM emissions from agricultural soils, in kg ha<sup>-1</sup>__
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 ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ==== ==== Trend discussion for Key Sources ====
  
-TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> are key sources. Emissions depend on the areas covered, crop types and number of crop operations. With the exception of the numbers of soil cultivations, which is slightly decreasing, these data are relatively constant. Overall this is reflected in a slight decline of emissions in the last 12 years. +TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> are key sources. Emissions depend on the areas covered, crop types and number of crop operations. With the exception of the numbers of soil cultivations, which is slightly decreasing, these data are relatively constant. Overall this is reflected in a slight decline of emissions in the last years. 
  
 ==== Recalculations ==== ==== Recalculations ====
- +There were no recalculations. Further details on recalculations are described in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3. 
-For all years, totals of TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions are higher than those of last year’s submission. This is mostly due to the introduction of cover crops to the calculation method (see main page of the agricultural sector, list of recalculations, No. 2). Further details on recalculations are described in Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3.  +
  
 __Table 21: Comparison of particle emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> & PM<sub>2.5</sub>) [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 21: Comparison of particle emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> & PM<sub>2.5</sub>) [kt] with previous submission__
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 =====  3.D.e - Cultivated crops ===== =====  3.D.e - Cultivated crops =====
-In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-21. For details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.3. +In this category Germany reports NMVOC emissions from crop production according to EMEP (2023)-3D-21. For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.3. 
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
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 __Table 24: Comparison of NMVOC emissions [kt] with previous submission__ __Table 24: Comparison of NMVOC emissions [kt] with previous submission__
 ^        ^ Submission           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^ ^        ^ Submission           ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^  2024  ^
-^ NMVOC  ^ current              |   7.69 |   8.19 |   8.79 |   9.17 |   9.53 |   9.91 |   9.69 |   9.74 |   7.82 |   8.56 |   9.16 |   9.44 |   8.91 |   9.23 |   8.87 | +^ NMVOC  ^ current              |  7.69  |  8.19  |  8.79  |  9.17  |  9.53  |  9.91  |  9.69  |  9.74  |  7.82  |  8.56  |  9.16  |  9.44  |  8.91  |  9.23  |  8.87  | 
-| :::    ^ previous             |   7.69 |   8.19 |   8.79 |   9.17 |   9.53 |   9.91 |   9.69 |   9.74 |   7.82 |   8.56 |   9.16 |   9.44 |   8.91 |   9.23 |        |+| :::    ^ previous             |  7.69  |  8.19  |  8.79  |  9.17  |  9.53  |  9.91  |  9.69  |  9.74  |  7.82  |  8.56  |  9.16  |  9.44  |  8.91  |  9.23  |        |
 | :::    ^ absolute change      |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        | | :::    ^ absolute change      |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        |
 | :::    ^ relative change [%]  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        | | :::    ^ relative change [%]  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |  0.00  |        |
  
 <WRAP center round info 65%> <WRAP center round info 65%>
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].+For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2023**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 ==== Planned improvements ==== ==== Planned improvements ====