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sector:agriculture:manure_management:start [2026/04/01 09:44] – kotzullasector:agriculture:manure_management:start [2026/04/01 11:40] (current) – [Uncertainty] kotzulla
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 ==== Additional data ==== ==== Additional data ====
 +
 Emission calculations in accordance with a Tier 2 or Tier 3 method require data on animal performance (animal weight, weight gain, milk yield, milk protein content, milk fat content, numbers of births, numbers of eggs and weights of eggs) and on the relevant feeding details (phase feeding, feed components, protein and energy content, digestibility and feed efficiency). To subdivide officially recorded total numbers of turkeys into roosters and hens, the respective population percentages need to be known. Details on data requirements for the modelling of emissions from livestock husbandry in the German inventory can be found in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 2[(VOSETAL2026)].  Emission calculations in accordance with a Tier 2 or Tier 3 method require data on animal performance (animal weight, weight gain, milk yield, milk protein content, milk fat content, numbers of births, numbers of eggs and weights of eggs) and on the relevant feeding details (phase feeding, feed components, protein and energy content, digestibility and feed efficiency). To subdivide officially recorded total numbers of turkeys into roosters and hens, the respective population percentages need to be known. Details on data requirements for the modelling of emissions from livestock husbandry in the German inventory can be found in Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 2[(VOSETAL2026)]. 
  
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 ^ ostrich                                    |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 | ^ ostrich                                    |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |   70.0 |
 ^ fur animals                                |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 | ^ fur animals                                |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |   60.0 |
 +
 +
 == N mass flow and emission assessment == == N mass flow and emission assessment ==
  
 The calculation of the emissions of NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> from German animal husbandry is based on the so-called N mass flow approach (e. g. Dämmgen and Hutchings, 2008)[(DAEMMGENHUTCHINGS2008)]. The calculation of the emissions of NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> from German animal husbandry is based on the so-called N mass flow approach (e. g. Dämmgen and Hutchings, 2008)[(DAEMMGENHUTCHINGS2008)].
-This approach differentiates between N excreted with faeces (organic nitrogen Norg, i. e. undigested feed N) and urine (total ammoniacal nitrogen TAN, i. e. fraction of feed N metabolized). The N flow within the manure management system is treated as depicted in the figure below. This method reconciles the requirements of both the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook for NH<sub>3</sub> emissions (EMEP/EEA, 2023), and the IPCC guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC (2006)((IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use.)). Reidy et al. (2008)[(REIDYETAL2008)], showed for several European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom) that their N-flow based inventory models yielded, in spite of national peculiarities, comparable results as long as standardised data sets for the input variables were used.+This approach differentiates between N excreted with faeces (organic nitrogen Norg, i. e. undigested feed N) and urine (total ammoniacal nitrogen TAN, i. e. fraction of feed N metabolized). The N flow within the manure management system is treated as depicted in the figure below. This method reconciles the requirements of both the Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook for NH<sub>3</sub> emissions (EMEP/EEA, 2023)[(EMEPEEA2023)], and the IPCC guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC (2006)[(IPCC2006)]. Reidy et al. (2008)[(REIDYETAL2008)], showed for several European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom) that their N-flow based inventory models yielded, in spite of national peculiarities, comparable results as long as standardised data sets for the input variables were used.
  
 Not explicitly shown in the N mass flow scheme is air scrubbing in housing and anaerobic digestion of manure. These issues are separately described further below. Note that emissions from grazing and application are reported in sector 3.D. Not explicitly shown in the N mass flow scheme is air scrubbing in housing and anaerobic digestion of manure. These issues are separately described further below. Note that emissions from grazing and application are reported in sector 3.D.
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 == Anaerobic digestion of manure == == Anaerobic digestion of manure ==
  
-According to IPCC (2006), anaerobic digestion of manure is treated like a particular storage type. In the German Inventory it comprises three sub-compartments (pre-storage, fermenter and storage of digestates). For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapters 2.6 and 4.2.5. The resulting digestates are considered as liquid. Two different types of digestates storage systems are considered: gastight storage and open tank. For open tanks formation of a natural crust because of co-fermentation with energy crops is taken into account. Furthermore, the modelling of anaerobic digestion and spreading of the digestates takes into account that the amount of TAN in the digestates is higher than in untreated slurry and that the frequencies of spreading techniques differ from those for untreated slurry.+According to IPCC (2006), anaerobic digestion of manure is treated like a particular storage type [(IPCC2006)]. In the German Inventory it comprises three sub-compartments (pre-storage, fermenter and storage of digestates). For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapters 2.6 and 4.2.5[(VOSETAL2026)]. The resulting digestates are considered as liquid. Two different types of digestates storage systems are considered: gastight storage and open tank. For open tanks formation of a natural crust because of co-fermentation with energy crops is taken into account. Furthermore, the modelling of anaerobic digestion and spreading of the digestates takes into account that the amount of TAN in the digestates is higher than in untreated slurry and that the frequencies of spreading techniques differ from those for untreated slurry.
  
 NH<sub>3</sub> and NO emissions occur from pre-storage of solid manure, from non-gastight storage of digestates and from application of digestates (NH<sub>3</sub> emissions and NO emissions from application of digested manure are reported in 3.D.a.2.a). There are no such emissions from pre-storage of slurry, from the fermenter and from gastight storage of digestates. Note that NH<sub>3</sub> and NO emissions calculated with respect to the digestion of animal manures do not comprise the contributions by co-digested energy crops. The latter are dealt with separately in 3.D.a.2.c and 3.I. NH<sub>3</sub> and NO emissions occur from pre-storage of solid manure, from non-gastight storage of digestates and from application of digestates (NH<sub>3</sub> emissions and NO emissions from application of digested manure are reported in 3.D.a.2.a). There are no such emissions from pre-storage of slurry, from the fermenter and from gastight storage of digestates. Note that NH<sub>3</sub> and NO emissions calculated with respect to the digestion of animal manures do not comprise the contributions by co-digested energy crops. The latter are dealt with separately in 3.D.a.2.c and 3.I.
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 For the detailed emission factors of livestock husbandry see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.3[(VOSETAL2026)].  For the detailed emission factors of livestock husbandry see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.3[(VOSETAL2026)]. 
  
-The detailed emission factors for N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> relate to the amount of N available which is N excreted plus, in case of solid manure systems, N input with bedding material. The N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors are taken from IPCC (2019) ((IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2019): 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use.)). The emission factors for NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> are approximated as being proportional to the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors, i. e. the NO-N and N<sub>2</sub> emission factors are, respectively, one-tenth and three times the value of the N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor, see Vos et al. (2026), chapter 4.2.4. This proportionality is also applied to anaerobic digestion of manure, where N<sub>2</sub>O emissions occur from pre-storage of solid manure and non-gastight storage of digestates with the emission factors being those used for normal storage of solid manure and the storage of untreated slurry with natural crust provided by IPCC (2019). Note that the inventory model calculates NO rather than NOx. The conversion of NO emissions into NO<sub>x</sub> emissions is achieved by multiplying the NO emissions with the NO<sub>2</sub>/ NO molar weight ratio of 46/30. This relationship also holds for NO and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors.+The detailed emission factors for N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> relate to the amount of N available which is N excreted plus, in case of solid manure systems, N input with bedding material. The N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors are taken from IPCC (2019)[(IPCC2019)]. The emission factors for NO<sub>x</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> are approximated as being proportional to the N<sub>2</sub>O emission factors, i. e. the NO-N and N<sub>2</sub> emission factors are, respectively, one-tenth and three times the value of the N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor, see Vos et al. (2026), chapter 4.2.4. This proportionality is also applied to anaerobic digestion of manure, where N<sub>2</sub>O emissions occur from pre-storage of solid manure and non-gastight storage of digestates with the emission factors being those used for normal storage of solid manure and the storage of untreated slurry with natural crust provided by IPCC(2019)[(IPCC2019)]. Note that the inventory model calculates NO rather than NO<sub>x</sub>. The conversion of NO emissions into NO<sub>x</sub> emissions is achieved by multiplying the NO emissions with the NO<sub>2</sub>/ NO molar weight ratio of 46/30. This relationship also holds for NO and NO<sub>x</sub> emission factors.
  
 Table 3 shows the implied emission factors of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> for the various animal categories (housing and storage) These emission factors normalize emissions from an animal category as the ratio of the total emission to the respective number of animals. The overall German NH<sub>3</sub> IEF for manure application is reported in section 3.D.a.2.a. Table 3 shows the implied emission factors of NH<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> for the various animal categories (housing and storage) These emission factors normalize emissions from an animal category as the ratio of the total emission to the respective number of animals. The overall German NH<sub>3</sub> IEF for manure application is reported in section 3.D.a.2.a.
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 ==== Method ==== ==== Method ====
  
-The Tier 2 methodology provided by EMEP (2023)-3B-26 was used to assess the NMVOC emissions from manure management for dairy cattle and other cattle. For all other animals the Tier 1 methodology (EMEP (2023)-3B-17) was used. The use of the Tier 2 methodology yields NMVOC emissions which formally could be reported in the sectors 3.D.a.2.a (application of manure to soils) and 3.D.a.3 (grazing emissions). +The Tier 2 methodology provided by EMEP/EEA (2023), Chapter 3.B, page 26 [(EMEPEEA2023)] was used to assess the NMVOC emissions from manure management for dairy cattle and other cattle. For all other animals the Tier 1 methodology (EMEP/EEA (2023),Chapter 3.B, page 17)[(EMEPEEA2023)] was used. The use of the Tier 2 methodology yields NMVOC emissions which formally could be reported in the sectors 3.D.a.2.a (application of manure to soils) and 3.D.a.3 (grazing emissions). 
  
 However, to be congruent with the NMVOC emissions for other animal categories, Germany reports these emissions in the NMVOC emissions reported from manure management (3.B). For the NFR codes 3.D.a.2.a  and 3.D.a.3 the key note IE is used for NMVOC emissions.  However, to be congruent with the NMVOC emissions for other animal categories, Germany reports these emissions in the NMVOC emissions reported from manure management (3.B). For the NFR codes 3.D.a.2.a  and 3.D.a.3 the key note IE is used for NMVOC emissions. 
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 For the Tier 2 methodology applied to dairy cattle and other cattle the following data was used: For the Tier 2 methodology applied to dairy cattle and other cattle the following data was used:
-   * gross feed intake in MJ per year, country specific data from the annual reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, see NID 2026, Chapter 5.1.3.3, +   * gross feed intake in MJ per year, country specific data from the annual reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, see NID 2026, Chapter 5.1.3.3[(UBA2026)], 
-   * proportion x<sub>house</sub> of the year the animals spend in the livestock building: country specific data, being equal to 1 – x<sub>graz</sub> with x<sub>graz</sub> the proportion of the year spent on pasture, see NID 2026, Chapter 17.3.1, +   * proportion x<sub>house</sub> of the year the animals spend in the livestock building: country specific data, being equal to 1 – x<sub>graz</sub> with x<sub>graz</sub> the proportion of the year spent on pasture, see NID 2026, Chapter 17.3.1[(UBA2026)], 
-   * FRAC<sub>silage</sub>: 1 as proposed by EMEP (2023)-3B-27, since silage feeding for cattle is considered dominant in Germany +   * FRAC<sub>silage</sub>: 1 as proposed by EMEP (2023), Chapter 3.B, p. 27, since silage feeding for cattle is considered dominant in Germany 
-   * FRAC<sub>silage store</sub>: 0.25 as proposed by EMEP (2023)-3B-27 for European conditions +   * FRAC<sub>silage store</sub>: 0.25 as proposed by EMEP/EEA (2023), Ch. 3.B, p. 27[(EMEPEEA2023)] for European conditions 
-   * EF<sub>NMVOC, silage_feeding</sub>, EF<sub>NMVOC, house</sub>, EF<sub>NMVOC, graz</sub> are taken from EMEP (2023)-3B-31, table 3.11 as 0.0002002, 0.0000353 and 0.0000069 kg NMVOC/MJ feed intake, respectively,+   * EF<sub>NMVOC, silage_feeding</sub>, EF<sub>NMVOC, house</sub>, EF<sub>NMVOC, graz</sub> are taken from EMEP/EEA (2023), Chapter 3.1, p. 31, table 3.11[(EMEPEEA2023)] as 0.0002002, 0.0000353 and 0.0000069 kg NMVOC/MJ feed intake, respectively,
    * EF<sub>NH₃,storage</sub>, EF<sub>NH₃,building</sub> and EF<sub>NH₃,application</sub> are taken from the NH<sub>3</sub> reporting (see above and 3.D).    * EF<sub>NH₃,storage</sub>, EF<sub>NH₃,building</sub> and EF<sub>NH₃,application</sub> are taken from the NH<sub>3</sub> reporting (see above and 3.D).
  
-For all other animal categories the Tier 1 emission factors for NMVOC were used as provided in EMEP (2023)-3B-17, Table 3.4. For horses the emission factors for feeding with silage was chosen, for all other animals the emission factors for feeding without silage. Due to missing country-specific emission factors or emission factors that do not correspond to the inventory’s animal categories, the emission factors provided in EMEP (2023)-3B-17, Table 3.4, were used to define specific emission factors for weaners, boars, lambs, ponies/light horses and pullets, ostriches, and deer see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.3.3[(VOSETAL2026)].+For all other animal categories the Tier 1 emission factors for NMVOC were used as provided in EMEP/EEA (2023), Ch. 3.B, p. 17, Table 3.4[(EMEPEEA2023)]. For horses the emission factors for feeding with silage was chosen, for all other animals the emission factors for feeding without silage. Due to missing country-specific emission factors or emission factors that do not correspond to the inventory’s animal categories, the emission factors provided in EMEP/EEA (2023), Ch. 3.B, p. 17, Table 3.4, were used to define specific emission factors for weaners, boars, lambs, ponies/light horses and pullets, ostriches, and deer see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.3.3[(VOSETAL2026)].
  
-The implied emission factors given in Table 4 relate the overall NMVOC emissions to the number of animals in each animal category. The IEFs for dairy cattle and other cattle are much higher than the EMEP Tier 1 EF, which are 17.937 kg NMVOC for dairy cattle and 8.902 kg NMVOC for other cattle. The only possible explanation for those huge differences is that the EMEP Tier 2 and Tier 1 methods are not consistent.+The implied emission factors given in Table 4 relate the overall NMVOC emissions to the number of animals in each animal category. The IEFs for dairy cattle and other cattle are much higher than the EMEP/EEA Tier 1 EF, which are 17.937 kg NMVOC for dairy cattle and 8.902 kg NMVOC for other cattle. The only possible explanation for those huge differences is that the EMEP Tier2 and Tier1 methods are not consistent.
  
-The IEFs for the other categories provided in Table 6 correspond to the EMEP Tier 1 emission factors, except for horses, sheep and swine. These categories comprise subcategories with different emission factors so that their overall IEFs in Table 4 represent subpopulation-weighted national mean values.+The IEFs for the other categories provided in Table 6 correspond to the EMEP Tier1 emission factors, except for horses, sheep and swine. These categories comprise subcategories with different emission factors so that their overall IEFs in Table 4 represent subpopulation-weighted national mean values.
  
-Note that other poultry in Germany includes not only geese and ducks but also pullets. For pullets no default EF is given in the 2023 EMEP/EEA guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2023), hence the EF of broilers has been adopted (because of similar housing). This assumption significantly lowers the overall IEF of other poultry (in Table 6 the IEFs are listed separately for each poultry category). The IEF of the sheep category is significantly lower than the EMEP Tier 1 emission factor, because for lambs the EF is assumed to be 40% lower compared to an adult sheep in accordance with the difference in N excretion between lambs and adult sheep.+Note that other poultry in Germany includes not only geese and ducks but also pullets. For pullets no default EF is given in the 2023 EMEP/EEA guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2023), hence the EF of broilers has been adopted (because of similar housing). This assumption significantly lowers the overall IEF of other poultry (in Table 6 the IEFs are listed separately for each poultry category). The IEF of the sheep category is significantly lower than the EMEP/EEA Tier 1 emission factor, because for lambs the EF is assumed to be 40% lower compared to an adult sheep in accordance with the difference in N excretion between lambs and adult sheep.
  
 __Table 6: IEF for NMVOC from manure management, in [kg NMVOC per animal place]__  __Table 6: IEF for NMVOC from manure management, in [kg NMVOC per animal place]__ 
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 ==== Method ==== ==== Method ====
  
-EMEP (2013-3B-26) provided a Tier 2 methodology. In the 2023 Guidebook (EMEP, 2023), this methodology has been replaced by a Tier 1 methodology. However, EF for cattle derived with the EMEP 2013 Tier 2 methodology remained unchanged. Therefore, the EMEP 2013((EMEP (2013): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2013)) methodology was kept for cattle. For swine the EMEP 2013 methodology was formally kept but the EMEP 2023 Tier 1 EF was used both for slurry and solid based manure management systems. In case the EMEP 2023 EFs are simply rounded EMEP 2013 EFs, the unrounded EMEP 2013 EFs were kept. For rabbits the EFs from The Netherlands’ inventory were adopted (Huis In’t Veld et al, 2011)((Huis In’t Velt, J.W.H., Dousma, F., Nijboer, G.M. (2011): Gaseous Emissions and fine dust from rabbit housing systems. Livestock research Wageningen, Report 459.)), for ostriches the EFs of goats were used. The inventory considers air scrubber systems in swine and poultry husbandry. For animal places equipped with air scrubbing the emission factors are reduced according to the removal efficiency of the air scrubber systems (90 % for TSP and PM<sub>10</sub>, 70 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub>). For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.2.2. +EMEP/EEA (2013), Ch. 3.B, p. 26[(EMEPEEA2013)] provided a Tier2 methodology. In the 2023 Guidebook (EMEP, 2023), this methodology has been replaced by a Tier1 methodology. However, EF for cattle derived with the EMEP/EEA 2013 Tier2 methodology remained unchanged. Therefore, the EMEP/EEA 2013[(EMEPEEA2013)] methodology was kept for cattle. For swine the EMEP 2013 methodology was formally kept but the EMEP/EEA 2023 Tier1 EF was used both for slurry and solid based manure management systems.  
 +In case the EMEP 2023 EFs are simply rounded EMEP/EEA 2013 EFs, the unrounded EMEP/EEA 2013 EFs were kept.  
 +For rabbits the EFs from The Netherlands’ inventory were adopted (Huis In’t Veld et al, 2011)[(HUISINTVELTETAL2011)], for ostriches the EFs of goats were used. The inventory considers air scrubber systems in swine and poultry husbandry. For animal places equipped with air scrubbing the emission factors are reduced according to the removal efficiency of the air scrubber systems (90 % for TSP and PM<sub>10</sub>, 70 % for PM<sub>2.5</sub>). For details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 4.2.2. 
  
 === Activity data === === Activity data ===
 +
 Animal numbers serve as activity data, see Table 1. Animal numbers serve as activity data, see Table 1.
  
 === Emission factors === === Emission factors ===
-Tier 1 emission factors for TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> from livestock husbandry are provided in EMEP (2023)-3B-18, Table 3.5 and 55, Table A1.7. For cattle the Tier 2 emission factors provided in EMEP (2013)-3B-29, Table 3-11 were used, because they differentiate between slurry and solid manure systems and were also used to develop the EMEP 2023 Tier 1 emissions factors. They are also provided in EMEP (2023)-3B-53, Table A1.7.+Tier 1 emission factors for TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> from livestock husbandry are provided in EMEP/EEA (2023), Ch. 3.B, p. 18, Table 3.5 and 55, Table A1.7. For cattle the Tier2 emission factors provided in EMEP/EEA (2013), Ch. 3.B, p. 29, Table 3-11 were used, because they differentiate between slurry and solid manure systems and were also used to develop the EMEP/EEA 2023 Tier1 emissions factors. They are also provided in EMEP/EEA (2023), Ch. 3.B, p. 53, Table A1.7.
  
 The implied emission factors given in Table 8 relate the overall TSP and PM emissions to the number of animals in each animal category. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). The implied emission factors given in Table 8 relate the overall TSP and PM emissions to the number of animals in each animal category. The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without).
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 Details are described in [[general:uncertainty_evaluation:start|chapter 1.7]]. Details are described in [[general:uncertainty_evaluation:start|chapter 1.7]].
  
 +[(IPCC2006> IPCC (2006): IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use., 2006)]
 +
 +[(IPCC2019> IPCC (2019): IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2019): 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use., 2019)]
  
 [(VOSETAL2026> Vos, C., Rösemann, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, Döhler, H., Steuer, B., Osterburg, B., Fuß, R. (2026): Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2024: Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2026. www.eminv-agriculture.de, 2026)] [(VOSETAL2026> Vos, C., Rösemann, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, Döhler, H., Steuer, B., Osterburg, B., Fuß, R. (2026): Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2024: Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2026. www.eminv-agriculture.de, 2026)]
  
-[(BITTMANETAL2014> Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK, 2014)]+[(BITTMANETAL2014> Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A. (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK, 2014)]
  
 [(DESTATIS2020> Statistisches Bundesamt (2020): LW20, Landwirtschaftszählung 2020. https://www-genesis.destatis.de/datenbank/online/statistic/41141/details, Wiesbaden, 2020)] [(DESTATIS2020> Statistisches Bundesamt (2020): LW20, Landwirtschaftszählung 2020. https://www-genesis.destatis.de/datenbank/online/statistic/41141/details, Wiesbaden, 2020)]
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 [(REIDYETAL2008> Reidy et al. (2008): Reidy, B., Dämmgen, U., Döhler, H., Eurich-Menden, B., Hutchings, N.J., Luesink, H.H., Menzi, H., Misselbrook, T.H., Monteny, G.-J., Webb, J. (2008): Comparison of models used for the calculation of national NH3 emission inventories from agriculture: liquid manure systems. Atmospheric Environment, 42, pp. 3452-3467; 2008)) [(REIDYETAL2008> Reidy et al. (2008): Reidy, B., Dämmgen, U., Döhler, H., Eurich-Menden, B., Hutchings, N.J., Luesink, H.H., Menzi, H., Misselbrook, T.H., Monteny, G.-J., Webb, J. (2008): Comparison of models used for the calculation of national NH3 emission inventories from agriculture: liquid manure systems. Atmospheric Environment, 42, pp. 3452-3467; 2008))
  
-[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, EEA Report No 06/2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023.; Copenhagen, 2023))+[(EMEPEEA2013> EMEP/EEA (2013): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2013, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/4-agriculture/3-b-manure-management/@@download/file; Copenhagen, 2013)} 
 + 
 +[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, EEA Report No 06/2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023.; Copenhagen, 2023)]
  
 [(UBA2026> UBA (2026): National Inventory Report (NID) 2026 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2024. Dessau-Roßlau, April 2026.)] [(UBA2026> UBA (2026): National Inventory Report (NID) 2026 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2024. Dessau-Roßlau, April 2026.)]
 +
 +[(HUISINTVELTETAL2011> Huis In’t Velt, J.W.H., Dousma, F., Nijboer, G.M. (2011): Gaseous Emissions and fine dust from rabbit housing systems. Livestock research Wageningen, Report 459., 2011))
  
 [(HENRICHSMEYERETAL1996> Henrichsmeyer, W., Cypris, C., Löhe, W., Meuth, M., Isermeyer F, Heinrich, I., Schefski, A., Neander, E., Fasterding, F., Neumann, M., Nieberg, H., 1996: Entwicklung des gesamtdeutschen Agrarsektormodells RAUMIS96. Endbericht zum Kooperationsprojekt. Forschungsbericht für das BMELF (94 HS 021), Bonn/Braunschweig, 1996)] [(HENRICHSMEYERETAL1996> Henrichsmeyer, W., Cypris, C., Löhe, W., Meuth, M., Isermeyer F, Heinrich, I., Schefski, A., Neander, E., Fasterding, F., Neumann, M., Nieberg, H., 1996: Entwicklung des gesamtdeutschen Agrarsektormodells RAUMIS96. Endbericht zum Kooperationsprojekt. Forschungsbericht für das BMELF (94 HS 021), Bonn/Braunschweig, 1996)]