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sector:agriculture:start [2023/05/05 12:44] – [Short description] doeringsector:agriculture:start [2026/04/01 13:04] (current) – [Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector] kotzulla
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-====== Chapter 5 - NFR 3 - Agriculture (OVERVIEW) ======+====== CHAPTER 5: NFR 3 - Agriculture (OVERVIEW) ======
  
  
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 Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I). Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I).
-Germany does not report emissions in category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Rösemann et al., 2023)((Rösemann C, Vos C, Haenel H-D, Dämmgen U, Döring U, Wulf S, Eurich-Menden B, Freibauer A, Döhler H, Steuer, B, Osterburg B, Fuß R (2023) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2021 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2023. www.eminv-agriculture.de)).+ 
 +As burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Vos et al., 2026)[(VOSETAL2026)], Germany does not report emissions in category field burning (NFR 3.F) (notation key: 'NO'), 
  
 The pollutants reported are: The pollutants reported are:
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 No heavy metal emissions are reported. No heavy metal emissions are reported.
  
-In 2021 the agricultural sector emitted  482.3 Gg of NH<sub>3</sub>, 108.0 Gg of NO<sub>x</sub>,  290.6 Gg of NMVOC,  60.6 Gg of TSP, 33.3 Gg of PM<sub>10</sub> and 5.3 Gg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 0.56 kg HCB. The trend from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph below. The sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This is a new emission source which also effects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold and stricter regulations concerning application of urea fertilizers. Further details concerning trends can be found in Rösemann et al., 2023, chapter “Emissions results submission 2023”.+In 2024, the agricultural sector emitted 484.0 kt of NH<sub>3</sub>, 98.0  kt of NO<sub>x</sub>, 300.6 kt of NMVOC, 60.4 kt of TSP, 34.7 kt of PM<sub>10</sub> and 5.3 kt of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 0.53 kg HCB. 
  
-As depicted in the diagram below, in 2021 93.5 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 11.2 % and NMVOC 27.8 % to the total NOx and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 6.3 % (PM2.5),  and 18.0 %, respectively, to the national particle emissions. +The trends from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph at the bottom of this page. Here, the sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This emission source also affects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold and stricter regulations concerning application of urea fertilizers, as well as declining livestock numbers Further details concerning trends can be found in Vos et al. (2026) chapter “Emissions results submission 2026”. 
-HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 12,3 % to the total German emissions.+
  
 +As depicted in the chart below, in 2024 91.7 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 12.1 % and NMVOC 31.5 % to the total NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 7.1 % (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), 20.4 % (PM<sub>10</sub>) and 19.6 % (TSP) to the national particle emissions. HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 13.5 % to the total German emissions. 
  
 ====Mitigation measures==== ====Mitigation measures====
- +The agricultural inventory model can represent several abatement measures for emissions of NH<sub>3</sub> and particles. The measures comprise: 
-The agricultural inventory model can represent several abatement measures for emissions of NH<sub>3</sub> and particles. The measures comprise:+
  
   * changes in animal numbers and amount of applied fertilizers    * changes in animal numbers and amount of applied fertilizers 
  
-  * air scrubbing techniques: yearly updated data on frequencies of air scrubbing facilities and the removal efficiency are provided by KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft / Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and from the agricultural census 2020. The average removal efficiency of NH<sub>3</sub> is 80 % for swine and 70 % for poultry, while for TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> the rates are set to 90 % and for PM<sub>2.5</sub> to 70 % for both animal categories. For swine two types of air scrubbers are distinguished: first class systems that remove both NH<sub>3</sub> and particles, and second class systems that remove only particles reliably and have an ammonia removal efficiency of 20%.+  * air scrubbing techniques: yearly updated data on frequencies of air scrubbing facilities and the removal efficiency are provided by KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft / Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and also based on the agricultural census 2020. The average removal efficiency of NH<sub>3</sub> is 80 % for swine and 70 % for poultry, while for TSP and PM<sub>10</sub> the rates are set to 90 % and for PM<sub>2.5</sub> to 70 % for both animal categories. For swine two types of air scrubbers are distinguished: first class systems that remove both NH<sub>3</sub> and particles, and second class systems that remove only particles reliably and have an ammonia removal efficiency of 20%.
  
-  * reduced raw protein content in feeding of fattening pigs: the german animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening pig feed, therefore enabling the inventory to depict the changes in N-excretions over the time series. The time series is calibrated using data from official and representative surveys conducted by the Federal Statistical Office.+  * reduced raw protein content in feeding of fattening pigs: the German animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening pig feed, therefore enabling the inventory to depict the changes in N-excretions over the time series. The time series is calibrated using data from official and representative surveys conducted by the Federal Statistical Office.
  
-  * reduced raw protein content in feeding and feed conversion rates of broilers: the German animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening broiler feed, and feed conversion rates of broilers. This makes it possible to model the changes in N-excretions over the time series.+  * reduced raw protein content in feeding and feed conversion rates of broilers: the German animal nutrition association (DVT, Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung e.V.) provides data on the raw protein content of fattening broiler feed, and feed conversion rates of broilers. This makes it possible to model the changes in N-excretions over the timeseries.
  
-  * low emission spreading techniques of manure: official agricultural censuses survey the distribution of different manure spreading techniques and how fast organic fertilizers are incorporated into the soil. Germany uses distinct emission factors for different methods, techniques and incorporation durations.+  * low emission spreading techniques of manure: official agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different manure spreading techniques and how fast organic fertilizers are incorporated into the soil. Germany uses distinct emission factors for different methods, techniques and incorporation durations.
  
-  * covering of slurry storage: agricultural censuses survey the distribution of different slurry covers. Germany uses distinct emission factors for the different covers. +  * Depicting effects of changes in dairy cow feeding reflecting optimization of raw protein content over the time series, as the N and TAN excretions are estimated using milk urea content and milk protein content.
  
-  * use of urease inhibitors: for urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the direct incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards.The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)((Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.)).+  * covering of slurry storage: agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different slurry covers. Germany uses distinct emission factors for the different covers. 
  
 +  * use of urease inhibitors: for urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the direct incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards. The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards for the direct incorporation, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)[(BITTMANETAL2014)]. For the use of urease inhibitors the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is reduced by 60% from 2020 onwards, see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.1.2[(VOSETAL2026)].
  
-For NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC no mitigation measures are included.+For NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC no mitigation measures are included. 
  
  
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-(see [[general:recalculations:start|Chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]])+(see [[general:recalculations:start| Chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]])
  
-The following list summarizes the most important reasons for recalculations. Recalculations result from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Rösemann et al. (2023), Chapter 1.3). +The following list summarizes the most important reasons for recalculations. Recalculations result from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3)[(VOSETAL2026)].   
 +  -  Adding of a transport module in the inventory model PY-GAS-EM: substrate transports to biogas plants and manure transports across district borders (NUTS 3 areas) are considered. Since manure application techniques differ between the NUTS 3 areas, this leads to slightly different NH<sub>3</sub> emissions at the federal level compared with the situation in the last submission without transports across district borders. 
 +  -  Mineral fertilizers: The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors for straight fertilizers used in the last sub-mission (0.084 kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg N) has been corrected to a lower value (0.024 NH<sub>3</sub> per kg N) following a correction in EMEP/EEA (2023)[(EMEPEEA2023)]. 
 +  -  Dairy cows: N and TAN excretions are now estimated from milk yield, milk urea content and protein content of milk instead of from the modeled feed.  
 +  -  Dairy cows: The officially recorded final milk yields for 2023 are significantly higher than the preliminary official figures used in the 2025 submission. This is due to an improved calculation method that will continue to be used in the future and which was subsequently applied for 2022. For reporting purposes a method was developed to adjust the officially recorded milk yields for the years before 2022 upwards, to achieve time series consistency.  
 +  -  Sows: The animal category sow was subdivided into gilts and old sows, with different weights and therefore different energy requirements. In comparison with Submission 2025 the mean animal weight and energy requirements are lower in aggregate. As a consequence, the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are also lower. 
 +  - Horses: Due to updated feed recommendations for heavy horses, N excretions were adjusted (increased) for the year 2020. The respective values used for Submission 2025 are still used until the year 2010; between the years 2010 and 2020, they are linearly interpolated. 
 +  - Deer: Due to new data for 2023, the number of animals from 2009 onwards is slightly reduced by interpolation. 
 +  - Dairy cows: Milk yield and slaughter weights for 2023 have been slightly corrected in the official statistics.  
 +  - Heifers: 2023 slaughter weights have been slightly corrected in the official statistics.  
 +  - Male beef cattle: In some years, slaughter ages and slaughter weights have been updated in the HIT database.  
 +  - Air scrubber systems pigs: new information on replaced facilities with minor effects on the number of animal places with air scrubbers in one federal state back to the year 2005.  
 +  - Sows: For several federal states, the number of piglets per sow for 2023 and 2019 were corrected.  
 +  - Fattening pigs: for several federal states growth rates, start weights and final weights for 2023 and 2019 were corrected. 
 +  - Broilers: Update of the national gross production of broiler meat for 2022 and 2023.  
 +  - Crop residues: The number of grassland cuts were updated for all years due to the introduction of a new procedure for outlier identification.. 
 +  - Application of sewage sludge: Replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2023 with data from the Federal Statistical Office. 
 +  - Anaerobic digestion: Due to the newly introduced substrate transports, the percentage of digested manure N in the total production of manure is no longer used as the input variable, but the absolute amount of N that goes into digestion. 
 +  - Anaerobic digestion of energy crops: dry matter input for 2023 has been updated.  
 +  - Imported manure: The amounts of imported manure from the Netherlands have been updated for years after 2009 in official NL statistics. This results in higher N application rates except for 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2022. 
 +  - Compost and digested waste: input data for 2023 has been updated.  
  
-1) The results used from the 2020 agricultural census (LZ 2020) on the proportions of husbandry, storage or application methods and grazing were assumed to be true for the year 2019 and not for the year 2020 as in Submission 2022. This changes the data obtained by interpolation for the different proportions slightly, in some cases as far back as the year 2000.  
  
-2) Deep bedding systems: As of the submission at hand, it is assumed that the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from deep litter systems are fully covered by the housing emissions and that the emission factor for storage emissions is 0.  This was done because it can be assumed that in case of deep bedding systems manure will be spread immediately after removing it from the stable. This reduces the emissions from manure management while the emissions from application of manure (3.D.a.2.a) increases as more N is available for application. 
  
-3) Dairy cows: Milk yield and slaughter weights for 2020 have been slightly corrected in the official statistics. +===== Visual overview =====
  
-4) Heifers: 2020 slaughter weights have been slightly corrected in the official statistics.+__Emission trends for main pollutants in //NFR 3 - Agriculture//:__ 
 +{{ :sector:iir_nfr3_from_1990.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category }} 
 +{{ :sector:iir_nfr3_from_2005.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category, from 2005 }}
  
-5) Male beef cattle: In some years, slaughter ages and slaughter weights have been updated in the HIT database.+__Contribution of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals__ 
 +{{ :sector:iir_mp_sharesnfr_incltrans.png?direct&direct&700 | Percental contributions of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals}}
  
-6) Pigs: Air scrubbing techniques: From the 2020 agricultural census, for the first time official data on the number of air scrubbing systems were available. These data were used to derive a distinction between systems of “first” and “second” class (the latter having normal removal efficiency concerning TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> +===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector=====
-but reduced removal efficiency for NH<sub>3</sub>). The numbers of animal places equipped with “second class” systems were underestimated in previous submissions and therefore have a larger impact in the present submission. This influences mainly the emissions of TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> from the year 2005 onwards.+
  
-7) Sows: For Lower Saxony, the number of piglets per sow and year was corrected (reduced) for the years 2015-2020. +Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations. The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Vos et al., 2026). Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see Vos et al. 2026, Chapter 1.3). 
  
-8) Fattening pigs: The results of the additional survey "Protein use in pig fattening" by the Federal Statistical Office for the year 2020 were available for the feed parameter crude protein content of fattening pig feed (Federal Statistical Office, 2022). Through interpolation, the crude protein content and thus also the N excretions of the fattening pigs decrease back to the year 2011. For Lower Saxony, the growth rates for the years 2018 and 2019 and the final weight for the year 2019 were corrected.+A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2025 and by plausibility checks. 
  
-9) Broilers: Update of the national gross production of broiler meat in 2020.+Once emission calculations with the German inventory model Py-GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by Py-GAS-EM. 
  
-10) Laying hens: Introduction of grazing emissions for laying hens, since the proportion of excrements from free-range laying hens on the pasture can now be estimated (Rösemann et al. 2023, Chapter 2.5). Based on the results of the LZ2020, a new NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for floor housing was derived for 2020 (for the years 2011-2019, new emission factors result from linear interpolation). The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for free range housing systems is now equal to the NH<sub>3</sub>-EF for floor housing for the time not spent on pasture.+Furthermore, in addition to UNFCCC, UNECE and NEC reviews, the Py-GAS-EM model is continuously validated by experts of KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and the EAGER group (European Agricultural Gaseous Emissions Inventory Researchers Network). 
  
-11) Laying hens: Improved interpolation of start weights and final weights for the whole time series. +[(VOSETAL2026> Vos, C., Rösemann, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, Döhler, H., Steuer, B., Osterburg, B., Fuß, R. (2026): Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2024: Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2026. www.eminv-agriculture.de, 2026)]
-  +
-12) TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from crop production: Emissions are now estimated using a Tier 2 methodology. +
- +
-13) Application of sewage sludge to soils: Replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2020 with data from the Federal Statistical Office.  +
- +
-14) Other organic fertilizers. As of the submission at hand, application emissions from digested waste, compost from biowaste, and compost from green waste are reported in the agriculture sector (3.D.a.2.c) for the first time. These emissions were included implicitly in the waste sector before. +
- +
-15) Anaerobic digestion of energy crops: Update of activity data in 2020.  +
- +
-16) Pesticides: Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine. +
- +
- +
- +
-===== Visual overview ===== +
- +
-__Emission trends for main pollutants in //NFR 3 - Agriculture//:__ +
-{{ :sector:iir_nfr3.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category }} +
-{{ :sector:iir_nfr3_from_2005.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category, from 2005 }} +
- +
-__Contribution of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals, for 2021__ +
-{{ :sector:mainpollutants_sharesnfrs_incl_transport.png?direct&direct&700 | Percental contributions of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals}} +
- +
-===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector=====+
  
-Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations. +[(BITTMANETAL2014> Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK, 2014)]
-The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Rösemann et al., 2023). +
-Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see  Rösemann et al. 2023, Chapter 1.3).+
  
-A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2022 and by plausibility checks.+[(EMEPEEA2013> EMEP/EEA (2013): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2013, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/4-agriculture/3-b-manure-management/@@download/file; Copenhagen, 2013)]
  
-Once emission calculations with the German inventory model Py-GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by Py-GAS-EM.+[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, EEA Report No 06/2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023.; Copenhagen, 2023)]
  
-Model data have been verified in the context of a project by external experts (Zsolt Lengyel, Verico SCE). Results show that input data are consistent with other data sources (Eurostat, Statistisches Bundesamt / Federal Statistical Office) and that the performed calculations are consistently and correctly applied in line with the methodological requirements.+[(UBA2026> UBA (2026): National Inventory Report (NID) 2026 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2024. Dessau-Roßlau, April 2026.)]
  
-Furthermore, in addition to UNFCCC, UNECE and NEC reviews, the Py-GAS-EM model is continuously validated by experts of KTBL (Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture) and the EAGER group (European Agricultural Gaseous Emissions Inventory Researchers Network).+[(STEHFESTBOUWMAN2006> Stehfest E., Bouwman L. (2006): N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modelling of global emissions. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 74, 207 – 228., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9000-7; 2006 )]