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sector:agriculture:start [2026/02/06 13:43] – vosensector:agriculture:start [2026/03/18 16:56] (current) – vosen
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 Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I). Emissions occurring in the agricultural sector in Germany derive from manure management (NFR 3.B), agricultural soils (NFR 3.D) and agriculture other (NFR 3.I).
-Germany does not report emissions in category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Rösemann et al., 2025)((Rösemann, C., Vos, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, B., Freibauer, A., Döhler, H., Schreiner, C., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2025) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2023 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2024. www.eminv-agriculture.de)).+Germany does not report emissions in category field burning (NFR 3.F) (key note: NO), because burning of agricultural residues is prohibited by law (see Vos et al., 2026)((Vos, C., Rösemann, C., Haenel, H.-D., Dämmgen, U., Döring, U., Wulf, S., Eurich-Menden, Döhler, H., Steuer, B., Osterburg, B., Fuß,R. (2026) Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990 – 2024 : Report on methods and data (RMD) Submission 2026. www.eminv-agriculture.de)).
  
 The pollutants reported are: The pollutants reported are:
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 No heavy metal emissions are reported. No heavy metal emissions are reported.
  
-The calculations for the present IIR 2024 were finished before the release of the EMEP (2023) guidebook. Therefore, methodological changes in the EMP (2023) guidebook were not considered for the present submission.+In 2024 the agricultural sector emitted 484.0 Gg of NH<sub>3</sub>, 98,0  Gg of NO<sub>x</sub>, 300,6 Gg of NMVOC, 60,4 Gg of TSP, 34,7 Gg of PM<sub>10</sub> and 5.3 Gg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 0.53 kg HCB. The trend from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph below. The sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This emission source also affects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold and stricter regulations concerning application of urea fertilizers, as well as declining livestock numbers Further details concerning trends can be found in Vos et al. (2026) chapter “Emissions results submission 2026”. 
  
-In 2023 the agricultural sector emitted 527.0 Gg of NH<sub>3</sub>, 99.5  Gg of NO<sub>x</sub>, 301.3 Gg of NMVOC, 61.0 Gg of TSP, 35.4 Gg of PM<sub>10</sub> and 5.4 Gg of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and 0.30 kg HCB. The trend from 1990 onwards is shown in the graph below. The sharp decrease of emissions from 1990 to 1991 is due to a reduction of livestock population in the New Länder (former GDR) following the German reunification. The increase of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2005 is mostly due to the expansion of anaerobic digestion of energy crops, especially the application of the digestion residues. This emission source also affects NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The decrease of NH<sub>3</sub> emissions since 2015 is mostly due to a decline in the amounts of mineral fertilizer sold and stricter regulations concerning application of urea fertilizers, as well as declining livestock numbers Further details concerning trends can be found in Rösemann et al. (2025) chapter “Emissions results submission 2025”.  +As depicted in the diagram below, in 2024 91.7 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 12.1 % and NMVOC 31.5 % to the total NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 7.1 % (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), 20.4 % (PM<sub>10</sub>) and 19.6 % (TSP) to the national particle emissions. HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 13.5 % to the total German emissions. 
- +
-As depicted in the diagram below, in 2023 92.6 % of Germany’s total NH<sub>3</sub> emissions derived from the agricultural sector, while nitric oxides reported as NO<sub>x</sub> contributed 11.8 % and NMVOC 30.9 % to the total NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC emissions of Germany. Regarding the emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP the agricultural sector contributed 7.0 % (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), 19.5 % (PM<sub>10</sub>) and 18.3 % (TSP) to the national particle emissions. HCB emissions of pesticide use contributed 7.6 % to the total German emissions. +
  
 ====Mitigation measures==== ====Mitigation measures====
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   * low emission spreading techniques of manure: official agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different manure spreading techniques and how fast organic fertilizers are incorporated into the soil. Germany uses distinct emission factors for different methods, techniques and incorporation durations.   * low emission spreading techniques of manure: official agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different manure spreading techniques and how fast organic fertilizers are incorporated into the soil. Germany uses distinct emission factors for different methods, techniques and incorporation durations.
 +
 +  * Depicting effects of changes in dairy cow feeding reflecting optimization of raw protein content over the time series, as the N and TAN excretions are estimated using milk urea content and milk protein content.
  
   * covering of slurry storage: agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different slurry covers. Germany uses distinct emission factors for the different covers.    * covering of slurry storage: agricultural censuses survey the prevalence of different slurry covers. Germany uses distinct emission factors for the different covers. 
  
-  * use of urease inhibitors: for urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the direct incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards. The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards for the direct incorporation, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)((Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK)). For the use of urease inhibitors the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is reduced by 60% from 2020 onwards, see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 5.2.1.2.+  * use of urease inhibitors: for urea fertilizer the German fertilizer ordinance prescribes the use of urease inhibitors or the direct incorporation into the soil from 2020 onwards. The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor for urea fertilizers is therefore reduced by 70% from 2020 onwards for the direct incorporation, according to Bittman et al. (2014, Table 15)((Bittman, S., Dedina, M., Howard C.M., Oenema, O., Sutton, M.A., (eds) (2014): Options for Ammonia Mitigation. Guidance from the UNECE task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK)). For the use of urease inhibitors the NH<sub>3</sub> emission factor is reduced by 60% from 2020 onwards, see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 5.2.1.2.
  
 For NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC no mitigation measures are included.  For NO<sub>x</sub> and NMVOC no mitigation measures are included. 
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 (see [[general:recalculations:start|Chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]) (see [[general:recalculations:start|Chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]])
  
-The following list summarizes the most important reasons for recalculations. Recalculations result from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Rösemann et al. (2025), Chapter 1.3).   +The following list summarizes the most important reasons for recalculations. Recalculations result from improvements in input data and methodologies (for details see Vos et al. (2026), Chapter 1.3).   
-  -  Mineral fertilizers: The NH3 emission factors for mineral fertilizers in EMEP (2023) were used for the first time in the present submission. +  -  Adding of a transport module in the inventory model PY-GAS-EM: substrate transports to biogas plants and manure transports across district borders (NUTS 3 areas) are considered. Since manure application techniques differ between the NUTS 3 areas, this leads to slightly different NH<sub>3</sub> emissions at the federal level compared with the situation in the last submission without transports across district borders. 
-  -  Crop residues: NH3 emissions from crop residues are calculated for the first time according to the tier 2 method from EMEP (2023). To facilitate this, cover crops are now included in the inventory data. Cover crops are also a newly reported source of PM emissions from soils. +  -  Mineral fertilizers: The NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors for straight fertilizers used in the last sub-mission (0.084 kg NH<sub>3</sub> per kg N) has been corrected to a lower value (0.024 NH<sub>3</sub> per kg N) following a correction in EMEP (2023). 
-  -  Cattle and pigs: improved emission factors for cattle and pig housing were introduced based on national research projects.  +  -  Dairy cows: N and TAN excretions are now estimated from milk yield, milk urea content and protein content of milk instead of from the modeled feed.  
-  -  Horses: The animal numbers were corrected in all years and all districts by a factor of 2.75 to include horses which are kept outside of agricultural holdings and not counted by agricultural census. All horses are reported under 3.B as permitted by EMEP (2023) Section 4.2.  +  -  Dairy cows: The officially recorded final milk yields for 2023 are significantly higher than the preliminary official figures used in the 2025 submission. This is due to an improved calculation method that will continue to be used in the future and which was subsequently applied for 2022. For reporting purposes a method was developed to adjust the officially recorded milk yields for the years before 2022 upwards, to achieve time series consistency.  
-  -  Transformation processes in storage: The previous assumption for untreated slurry that 10 % of the TAN entering storage is converted to Norg (immobilization) was dropped because no sufficient scientific evidence could be found for this. +  -  Sows: The animal category sow was subdivided into gilts and old sows, with different weights and therefore different energy requirements. In comparison with Submission 2025 the mean animal weight and energy requirements are lower in aggregate. As a consequence, the NH<sub>3</sub> emissions are also lower. 
-  - Manure Management emission factors for N2O, NOx and N2:  N2O emission factors were adopted from the IPCC Refinement (2019). The N2O EF for solid manure storage doubles, which then also applies to the corresponding NOx and N2 EFs. +  - Horses: Due to updated feed recommendations for heavy horses, N excretions were adjusted (increased) for the year 2020. The respective values used for Submission 2025 are still used until the year 2010; between the years 2010 and 2020, they are linearly interpolated. 
-  - Dairy cows: Milk yield and slaughter weights for 2022 have been slightly corrected in the official statistics.  +  - Deer: Due to new data for 2023, the number of animals from 2009 onwards is slightly reduced by interpolation. 
-  - Heifers: 2022 slaughter weights have been slightly corrected in the official statistics. +  - Dairy cows: Milk yield and slaughter weights for 2023 have been slightly corrected in the official statistics.  
 +  - Heifers: 2023 slaughter weights have been slightly corrected in the official statistics. 
   - Male beef cattle: In some years, slaughter ages and slaughter weights have been updated in the HIT database.    - Male beef cattle: In some years, slaughter ages and slaughter weights have been updated in the HIT database. 
-  - Numbers of laying hens, pullets and broilers were corrected in the years before 2013. The numbers are higher than in earlier submissions..  +  - Air scrubber systems pigs: new information on replaced facilities with minor effects on the number of animal places with air scrubbers in one federal state back to the year 2005.  
-  - Sows: For several federal states, confidential data for number of piglets per sow and year has been replaced.  +  - Sows: For several federal states, the number of piglets per sow for 2023 and 2019 were corrected.  
-  - Fattening pigs: for several federal confidential data for growth rates, start weights and final weights has been replaced. For Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt (no more recent data available than 2016 or 2017) the corresponding data from the neighboring federal state of Thuringia was adopted instead of keeping the last known value as was previously the case. +  - Fattening pigs: for several federal states growth rates, start weights and final weights for 2023 and 2019 were corrected. 
-  - Poultry: amounts of straw were corrected for all poultry categories +  - Broilers: Update of the national gross production of broiler meat for 2022 and 2023.  
-  - Broilers: Update of the national gross production of broiler meat in 2022.  +  - Crop residues: The number of grassland cuts were updated for all years due to the introduction of a new procedure for outlier identification.. 
-  - Laying hens and pullets: due to new weight data for laying hens for 2021, the starting and final weights of laying hens have been recalculated for the entire timeseries. Since the initial weight of the laying hens corresponds to the final weight of the pullets, this also has (small) effects on the energy requirements and excretion of the pullets. +  - Application of sewage sludge: Replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2023 with data from the Federal Statistical Office. 
-  - Animal numbers horses, poultry, goats for 2021 and 2022: The previously extrapolated animal numbers for 2021 and 2022 have been replaced by interpolated animal numbers, as new figures from the agricultural structure survey are available for 2023. +  - Anaerobic digestion: Due to the newly introduced substrate transports, the percentage of digested manure N in the total production of manure is no longer used as the input variable, but the absolute amount of N that goes into digestion. 
-  - Application of inorganic fertilizers: The mitigating factor for urea emissions if applied with urease inhibitor (since the year 2020) was reduced from 70 % to 60 %. Correction of amounts applied in some years before 2008 due to a mistake in calculation of the mean value of the three years going into the moving average. +  - Anaerobic digestion of energy crops: dry matter input for 2023 has been updated.  
-  - Application of sewage sludge: Replacement of extrapolated activity data in 2022 with data from the Federal Statistical Office and corrections of activity data for  years after 2006. +  - Imported manure: The amounts of imported manure from the Netherlands have been updated for years after 2009 in official NL statistics. This results in higher N application rates except for 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2022. 
-  - Anaerobic digestion: Update of activity data as of 2013 concerning gastight storage data.  This applies to both digested energy crops and digested animal manure.  +  - Compost and digested waste: input data for 2023 has been updated.  
-  - Imported manure: The amounts of imported manure from the Netherlands have been updated for years after 2017. +
-  - Compost and digested waste: input data for 2022 has been updated. +
-  - Distribution data 1990 – 1999: RAUMIS distribution data is only available for the years 1991, 1995 and 1999. The data for the intervening years (1992 – 1994 and 1996 – 1998 have now been generated by using linear interpolation (1990 = 1991).  +
  
  
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 {{ :sector:iir_nfr3_from_2005.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category, from 2005 }} {{ :sector:iir_nfr3_from_2005.png?nolink&direct&700 |NFR 3 emission trends per category, from 2005 }}
  
-__Contribution of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals, for 2021__ +__Contribution of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals__ 
-{{ :sector:mp_sharesnfr_incltrans.png?direct&direct&700 | Percental contributions of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals}}+{{ :sector:iir_mp_sharesnfr_incltrans.png?direct&direct&700 | Percental contributions of NFRs 1 to 6 to the National Totals}}
  
 ===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector===== ===== Specific QA/QC procedures for the agriculture sector=====
  
-Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations. The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Vos et al., 2024). Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see Vos et al. 2024, Chapter 1.3). +Numerous input data were checked for errors resulting from erroneous transfer between data sources and the tabular database used for emission calculations. The German IEFs and other data used for the emission calculations were compared with EMEP default values and data of other countries (see Vos et al., 2026). Changes of data and methodologies are documented in detail (see Vos et al. 2026, Chapter 1.3). 
  
-A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2023 and by plausibility checks. +A comprehensive review of the emission calculations was carried out by comparisons with the results of Submission 2025 and by plausibility checks. 
  
 Once emission calculations with the German inventory model Py-GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by Py-GAS-EM.  Once emission calculations with the German inventory model Py-GAS-EM are completed for a specific submission, activity data (AD) and implied emission factors (IEFs) are transferred to the CSE database (Central System of Emissions) to be used to calculate the respective emissions within the CSE. These CSE emission results are then cross-checked with the emission results obtained by Py-GAS-EM.