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| sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2026/01/26 09:06] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2026/03/17 10:36] (current) – [Table] kotzulla | ||
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| <WRAP center round download right 20%> | <WRAP center round download right 20%> | ||
| - | {{sector: | + | {{sector: |
| </ | </ | ||
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| ^ NO< | ^ NO< | ||
| - | | -/- | + | ^ -/T |
| | {{page> | | {{page> | ||
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| The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality: | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality: | ||
| - | For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2024a)]. (see next table). | + | For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2025a)]. (see next table). |
| <WRAP center round info 100%> | <WRAP center round info 100%> | ||
| - | With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, | + | With respect to the emission factors applied for exhaust |
| </ | </ | ||
| __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | ||
| - | | | + | | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ 2021 ^ 2022 ^ 2023 ^ 2024 ^ |
| - | ^ NH< | + | ^ NH< |
| - | ^ NMVOC | + | ^ NMVOC | 109 | 100 | 90.2 | 64.8 | 52.0 | 39.2 | 39.3 | 38.0 | 37.0 | 36.6 | 38.1 | 37.3 | 34.9 | 33.5 | 33.7 | |
| - | ^ NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | ^ SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | ^ PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | ^ BC< | + | ^ BC< |
| - | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 95.8 | 95.1 | 94.0 | 91.4 | 90.3 | 90.9 | 90.5 | 87.7 | 86.5 | 85.5 | | + | ^ CO |
| - | < | + | | < |
| - | < | + | | < |
| - | < | + | | < |
| Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. | Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. | ||
| __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__ | __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__ | ||
| - | ^ | + | ^ ^ NH< |
| - | | **Hard coal** | + | | **Hard coal** |
| - | | **Hard coal coke** | + | | **Hard coal coke** |
| - | < | + | | < |
| \\ | \\ | ||
| - | Regarding **emissions from abrasion and wear**, | + | __Table 5: Tier1 emission factors |
| + | | | ||
| + | ^ Diesel oil | 0.012< | ||
| + | ^ Biodiesel< | ||
| + | ^ Lignite Briquettes | ||
| + | ^ Raw Lignite | ||
| + | ^ Hard Coal | ||
| + | ^ Hard Coal Coke | NE ||||||||| | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | <sup>2</sup> tier1 default from [(EMEPEEA2023)], | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | (//NOTE: Assuming that biodiesel contains far less HMs than fossil diesel oil, similar values are applied to all mobile sources using this biogenic fuel.//) |||||||||| | ||
| - | As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM< | + | \\ |
| - | + | ||
| - | Regarding PM< | + | |
| - | Emission factors for emssions of copper, nickel and chrome are calculated via typical shares of the named metals in the contact line (copper) and in the braking systems (Ni and Cr). Other heavy metals contained in alloys used for the contact line (silver, magnesium, tin) are not taken into account here. Furthermore, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | __Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in [g/ | + | |
| - | ^ | + | |
| - | ^ Contact line < | + | |
| - | ^ Tyres on rails < | + | |
| - | ^ Braking system < | + | |
| - | ^ Current collector < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | __Table 6: Tier1 emission factors applied to railway vehicles, in g/TJ__ | + | |
| - | | ^ **Pb** | + | |
| - | ^ Diesel oil | + | |
| - | ^ Biodiesel< | + | |
| - | ^ Lignite Briquettes | + | |
| - | ^ Raw Lignite | + | |
| - | ^ Hard Coal | NE ||||||||| | + | |
| - | ^ Hard Coal Coke | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | (//NOTE: Assuming that biodiesel contains far less HMs than fossil diesel oil, similar values are applied to all mobile sources using this biogenic fuel.//) | + | |
| Here, as the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 does not provide specific defaults for **Pb, Hg and As**, the EF applied here has been derived from chapter: 1.A.3.b i-iv, tier1 value for heavy-duty diesel vehicles. | Here, as the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 does not provide specific defaults for **Pb, Hg and As**, the EF applied here has been derived from chapter: 1.A.3.b i-iv, tier1 value for heavy-duty diesel vehicles. | ||
| Regarding the **POPs to be reported**, tier1 emission factors have been derived from different sources. | Regarding the **POPs to be reported**, tier1 emission factors have been derived from different sources. | ||
| - | For B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[123cd]P from diesel railway engines, tier1 values as provided in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 in chapters 1.A.3.c and 1.A.3.b (Update 2024) are used. Here, as no tier1 defaults specific to railways are provided for B[k]F and I[123cd]P, the values provided for road heavy-duty vehicles are applied instead, as proposed in Table 3-9 in chapter 1.A.3.c of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023. | + | For B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[123cd]P from diesel railway engines, tier1 values as provided in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 in chapters 1.A.3.c and 1.A.3.b (Update 2024) are used. Here, as no tier1 defaults specific to railways are provided for B[k]F and I[1,2,3-cd]P, the values provided for road heavy-duty vehicles are applied instead, as proposed in Table 3-9 in chapter 1.A.3.c of the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2023 [(EMEPEEA2023)]. |
| - | For dioxins and furans (PCDD & PCDF), as the EMEP/ | + | For dioxins and furans (PCDD/F), as the EMEP/ |
| - | Therfore, HCB and PCBs emissions are only calculated for firewood (HCB) and fossil solid fuels (PCBs), respectively with EF adopted from stationary combustion. | + | Furthermore, |
| + | Therefore, these emissions are only calculated for firewood (HCB) and fossil solid fuels (PCBs), respectively, with EF adopted from stationary combustion. | ||
| - | __Table | + | __Table |
| | | **B[a]P** | | | **B[a]P** | ||
| | | [mg/ | | | [mg/ | ||
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| ^ Hard Coal | NE | ^ Hard Coal | NE | ||
| ^ Hard Coal Coke | ^ Hard Coal Coke | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | < | ||
| | additional info: {{ sector: | | additional info: {{ sector: | ||
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| - | < | + | |
| <WRAP center round info 100%> | <WRAP center round info 100%> | ||
| For further information on the derivation of default **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | For further information on the derivation of default **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Regarding __**emissions from abrasion and wear**__, emission factors are calculated from PM< | ||
| + | |||
| + | As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM< | ||
| + | |||
| + | Here, within the underlying DB model, emission factors for PM< | ||
| + | |||
| + | Regarding PM< | ||
| + | Emission factors for emssions of copper, nickel and chrome are calculated via typical shares of the named metals in the contact line (copper) and in the braking systems (Ni and Cr). Other heavy metals contained in alloys used for the contact line (silver, magnesium, tin) are not taken into account here. Furthermore, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | |||
| + | __Table 7: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in [mg/ | ||
| + | ^ ^ 1990-2013 | ||
| + | | **from wheels on track**< | ||
| + | ^ TSP, PM< | ||
| + | ^ PM< | ||
| + | | **from brakes**< | ||
| + | ^ PM< | ||
| + | ^ PM< | ||
| + | ^ Cr | ||
| + | ^ Ni | ||
| + | | **from current collector on contact line**< | ||
| + | ^ PM< | ||
| + | ^ PM< | ||
| + | ^ Cu | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | < | ||
| + | | < | ||
| Line 180: | Line 194: | ||
| __Table 6: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ | __Table 6: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ | ||
| - | | for: ^ | + | | for: ^ |
| - | | by: ^ | + | | by: ^ -/T |
| \\ | \\ | ||
| Line 214: | Line 228: | ||
| ===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| - | **Activity data** have been recalculated due to the finalization of the National Energy Balances 2023. | + | **Activity data** have been recalculated due to the finalization of the National Energy Balances 2023 [(AGEB2025)]. |
| In addition, the shares of blende biodiesel have been revised for all years as of 2004. | In addition, the shares of blende biodiesel have been revised for all years as of 2004. | ||
| - | + | __Table 5: Revised | |
| - | + | ^ | |
| - | __Table 5: Revised | + | | **DIESEL OIL** |
| - | + | ^ current submission | |
| - | + | ^ previous submission | |
| - | ^ ^ 1990 | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | | DIESEL OIL | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | current submission | + | | **BIODIESEL** (as of 2004) |
| - | | previous submission | + | ^ current submission |
| - | | absolute change | + | ^ previous submission |
| - | | relative change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | | BIODIESEL | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | current submission | + | | **SOLID FUELS** ||||||||||||||| |
| - | | previous submission | + | ^ current submission |
| - | | absolute change | + | ^ previous submission |
| - | | relative change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | | SOLID FUELS | | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | current submission | + | | **OVER-ALL ENERGY INPUT** |
| - | | previous submission | + | ^ current submission |
| - | | absolute change | + | ^ previous submission |
| - | | relative change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | | over-all fuel consumption | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | current submission | + | |
| - | | previous submission | + | |
| - | | absolute change | + | |
| - | | relative change | + | |
| \\ | \\ | ||
| - | Furthermore, | + | Furthermore, |
| - | + | ||
| - | In addition, abrasive PM< | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | __Table 6: Revised abrasive PM< | + | |
| - | | ^ 1995 | + | |
| - | ^ current submission | + | |
| - | ^ previous submission | + | |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | |
| - | ^ relative change | + | |
| - | All abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Ni) emissions | + | In contrast, transport performance data as well as the corresponding emission factors applied for the estimation of **abrasive** particulate matter and heavy metals |
| <WRAP center round info 65%> | <WRAP center round info 65%> | ||
| - | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general: | + | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2023**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general: |
| </ | </ | ||
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| **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | ||
| - | The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | + | The EF provided in the 2023 EMEP/EEA Guidebook [(EMEPEEA2023)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' |
| [(AGEB2025> | [(AGEB2025> | ||
| - | https:// | + | https:// |
| + | |||
| + | [(AGEB2025a> | ||
| + | https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | [(AGEB2025b> | ||
| + | Energieträger und Faktoren für die Umrechnung von spezifischen Mengeneinheiten in Wärmeinheiten (2005-2020); | ||
| + | URL: https:// | ||
| [(BAFA2025> | [(BAFA2025> | ||
| https:// | https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | [(KNOERR2025a> | ||
| + | Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, | ||
| + | Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2025.)] | ||
| [(MWV2021> | [(MWV2021> | ||
| Line 287: | Line 299: | ||
| [(ILLICHMANN2016> | [(ILLICHMANN2016> | ||
| [(HASENBALG2021> | [(HASENBALG2021> | ||
| - | [(KNOERR2024a> Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: | + | [(KNOERR2025a> Knörr et al. (2025a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: |
| - | Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, | + | |
| [(KNOERR2009> | [(KNOERR2009> | ||
| [(EMEPEEA2023> | [(EMEPEEA2023> | ||
| [(EMEPEEA2019> | [(EMEPEEA2019> | ||
| + | |||
| [(RENTZ2008> | [(RENTZ2008> | ||
| Universität Karlsruhe (TH): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte 01/2008, https:// | Universität Karlsruhe (TH): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte 01/2008, https:// | ||
| [(DZSF2025> | [(DZSF2025> | ||